Similarly, hepatitis flares among HIV/HBV coinfected patients have been reported upon the discontinuation of lamivudine, emtricitabine and tenofovir. In the Swiss HIV observational cohort, liver enzyme elevation occurred in 29% of patients who discontinued lamivudine and in 5% this was severe, with three patients presenting with fulminant hepatitis

[175] SCH772984 cost at a median time of 6 weeks after discontinuation. Hepatitis flares that occurred after ART cessation should be treated by resumption of active anti-HBV treatment before significant liver failure occurs. 6.1.17 In the absence of obstetric complications, normal vaginal delivery can be recommended if the mother has fully suppressed HIV VL on HAART. Grading: 2C No data exist to support any benefit from PLCS in mothers with HBV/HIV coinfection and no robust RCT exists in HBV mono-infected women. In a meta-analysis of mono-infected HBV women (four randomized trials all from China involving 789 people

were included) where routine HBV neonatal vaccine and HBIG were used, there selleck chemicals was strong evidence that PLCS vs. vaginal delivery could effectively reduce the rate of MTCT of HBV (RR 0.41; 95% CI 0.28–0.60) [176]. However, methodological concerns, including lack of information on randomization procedure, lack of allocation concealment and lack of blinding make the role of PLCS for PMTCT of HBV uncertain. In addition, a meta-analysis of six RCTs where lamivudine was used from the third trimester has demonstrated that lamivudine is effective in reducing transmission (HR: 0.31; 95% CI 0.15–0.63) [177]. Similarly, a single RCT in women positive for HBsAg and with an HBV DNA > 106 IU/mL demonstrated that telbivudine was also effective in reducing

MTCT for HBV (2.11% vs. 13.4%; P < 0.04) and lowering risk of postpartum ALT flare. Hence, the lack of a scientifically robust RCT evaluating the role of CS in preventing MTCT for mothers with HBV mono-infection and lack of any cohort or RCT data to support the use of CS in coinfection argue against advocating this in coinfected mothers. Although HBV DNA levels are increased as a result of HIV, the efficacy of lamivudine as well as telbivudine in reducing the rate of intrapartum transmission in mono-infection, efficacy of lamivudine, tenofovir Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) and emtricitabine as part of HAART in reducing HBV DNA in non-pregnant coinfected patients, and use of tenofovir with either lamivudine or emtricitabine as standard practice in coinfected patients, collectively provide further reason against recommending CS in those coinfected. 6.1.18 Neonatal immunization with or without HBIG should commence within 24 h of delivery. Grading: 1A Immunoprophylaxis with HBV vaccine with or without HBIG given to the neonate has been shown in separate meta-analyses of RCTs to significantly reduce MTCT from HBV mono-infected women.