Because of the Pomalidomide poor return rate for the exercise diaries, we were unable to assess the adherence of experimental group participants with their exercise program. While the physiotherapy intervention for the experimental group included thoracic cage mobility exercises, we did not attempt to assess thoracic cage mobility because of the complexity of doing so and the extensive range of outcome measures already being performed. While assessors were blinded, participants were aware of whether or not they received physiotherapy intervention, introducing a potential source of bias. Medical and nursing staff were not informed of participants’ group allocations,

but it is acknowledged that this may have become apparent to them and influenced their care. As all participants received a booklet preoperatively, this, and their

consent to participate in a study, may have resulted in a Hawthorne effect. Despite every effort to maximise retention (ie, repeated attempts to contact non-responders, scheduling outpatient follow-up appointments after work hours or to coincide with surgical unit outpatient appointments), loss to follow-up was fairly high, particularly at 3 months, which may have biased our Selleck Duvelisib results. Further research should be undertaken in other centres to attempt to confirm our findings and to further refine the clinical importance of the treatment effects. Research to evaluate the effect of a similar postoperative exercise program on thoracic cage mobility and chronic incisional pain after open thoracotomy would also be worthwhile. Whilst a formal cost benefit analysis was not performed, the costs associated with the physiotherapy interventions provided

to experimental group participants across their hospital stay were minimal and, arguably, appeared to be of clinical benefit. Future research to formally quantify costs is recommended. Additionally, research could be undertaken to evaluate whether the provision of a formal out-patient rehabilitation program for patients following discharge after open thoracotomy would increase functional benefits DNA ligase and quality of life. eAddenda: Appendix 1, 2, and 3, and Table 4 available at www.JoP.physiotherapy.asn.au Ethics: The Northern X Regional Ethics Committee, New Zealand, approved this study. Participants gave written informed consent before data collection began. Support: The New Zealand Society of Physiotherapists, Greenlane Research and Educational Fund, the New Zealand Cardiothoracic Physiotherapy Special Interest Group and the Auckland DHB Charitable Trust Fund. The authors wish to thank: patients involved in the study; Cardiothoracic Surgical Unit staff; Susan Preeti Anil, Jasmine Kershaw, Winifred Ho and Rachel Wheeler who acted as blinded assessors; and Elizabeth Tulley and Steve White for their advice on shoulder measurement.