We and others characterized these APCs (TLR-APC) by a retained expression of CD14 and a lack of CD1a. Here, we show in addition, expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1). TLR-APCs failed to induce T-cell proliferation and furthermore were able to find more induce CD25+Foxp3+ T

regulatory cells (Tregs). Since PD-L1 is described as a key negative regulator and inducer of tolerance, we further analyzed its regulation. PD-L1 expression was regulated in a MAPK/cytokine/STAT-3-dependent manner: high levels of IL-6 and IL-10 that signal via STAT-3 were produced by TLR-APCs. Blocking of STAT-3 activation prevented PD-L1 expression. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed direct binding of STAT-3 to the PD-L1 promoter. Those findings indicate a pivotal role of STAT-3 in regulating PD-L1 expression. MAPKs were indirectly engaged, as blocking of p38 and p44/42 MAPKs decreased IL-6 and IL-10 thus reducing STAT-3 activation and subsequent

PD-L1 expression. Hence, during DC differentiation TLR agonists induce a STAT-3-mediated expression of PD-L1 and favor the development of tolerogenic APCs. DC are initiators and modulators of the adaptive immune response 1. They are able to induce T-cell activation as well as T-cell tolerance. During infection, DCs are confronted with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP), which in turn trigger effector functions in innate immune cells. For example, learn more immature DCs (iDCs) generated from monocytes by in vitro culture with GM-CSF and IL-4 (G4) mature and become fully activated upon

stimulation with TLR agonists. Mature DCs (mDCs) in turn activate most efficiently naïve T cells 2. However, during Ceramide glucosyltransferase infection induction of inhibitory immune pathways can also be observed 3, 4. Here, we investigate an alternative TLR-induced APC phenotype, which inhibits immune reactivity. It has been shown that encounter of monocytes with LPS during the very beginning of the differentiation process blocks conventional differentiation to iDCs. A phenotypically distinct APC type (TLR-APC) is generated, characterized by a CD1a−CD14+ phenotype 5–7. Activation of p38 MAPK, the secretion of IL-10 and the inactivation of ERK and NF-kB 7 have been correlated with the generation of TLR-APCs. LPS-treated cells showed in addition an intense STAT-3 phosphorylation. Differentiation processes of DCs are plastic and can be influenced by various factors, e.g. cytokines. Many cytokines mediate their cellular response via the JAK/STAT signaling pathway thereby controlling the status of transcription and cellular differentiation. For instance, during the maturation of DCs, a switch occurs from constitutive activated STAT-6 in iDCs to a pre-dominant activation of STAT-1 in mDCs 8. This indicates that the activation pattern of STATs critically determines the phenotype and function of DCs. It has been shown that STAT-3 activation is often associated with tolerogenic functions 9–11.