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“The thermodynamics and kinetics of crystallization of sodium sulfate with a tripodal tris-urea receptor (L1) from aqueous alkaline solutions have been measured in the 15-55 degrees C temperature range for a fundamental understanding of the elementary steps involved in this sulfate separation method. The use of radiolabeled ACY-738 purchase (Na2SO4)-S-35 provided a practical way to monitor the sulfate concentration in solution by beta liquid scintillation counting. Our results are consistent with a two-step crystallization mechanism, involving relatively quick dissolution of crystalline L1 followed by the rate-limiting crystallization

of the Na2SO4(L1)(2)(H2O)(4) capsules. We found that temperature exerted relatively little influence over the equilibrium sulfate concentration, which ranged between 0.004 and 0.011 M. This corresponds to 77-91% removal of sulfate from a solution containing 0.0475 M initial sulfate

concentration, as found in a typical Hanford waste tank. The apparent pseudo-first-order rate constant for sulfate removal increased 20-fold from 15 to 55 degrees C, corresponding to an activation energy of 14.1 kcal/mol. At the highest measured temperature of 55 degrees C, 63% and 75% of sulfate was removed from solution within 8 and 24 h, respectively. These results indicate the capsule crystallization method is a viable approach to sulfate separation from nuclear wastes.”
“We previously reported an enhanced tonic dilator impact of ATP- sensitive K(+) channels in afferent arterioles of rats with streptozotocin (STZ)induced diabetes. The present study explored find protocol the hypothesis that other types of K(+) channel

also contribute to afferent arteriolar dilation in STZ rats. The in vitro blood-perfused juxtamedullary nephron technique was utilized to quantify afferent arteriolar lumen diameter responses to K(+) channel blockers: 0.1-3.0 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; KV BV-6 molecular weight channels), 10-100 mu M barium (K(IR) channels), 1-100 nM tertiapin-Q (TPQ; Kir1.1 and Kir3. x subfamilies of K(IR) channels), 100 nM apamin (SK(Ca) channels), and 1 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA; BK(Ca) channels). In kidneys from normal rats, 4-AP, TEA, and Ba(2+) reduced afferent diameter by 23 +/- 3, 8 +/- 4, and 18 +/- 2%, respectively, at the highest concentrations employed. Neither TPQ nor apamin significantly altered afferent diameter. In arterioles from STZ rats, a constrictor response to TPQ (22 +/- 4% decrease in diameter) emerged, and the response to Ba(2+) was exaggerated (28 +/- 5% decrease in diameter). Responses to the other K(+) channel blockers were similar to those observed in normal rats. Moreover, exposure to either TPQ or Ba(2+) reversed the afferent arteriolar dilation characteristic of STZ rats. Acute surgical papillectomy did not alter the response to TPQ in arterioles from normal or STZ rats.