1%) came from a during hometown of less than 25,000 people. Two studies (Daly & Pierson, 1990; Vander Weg, DeBon, et al., 2005) reported the geographic origin of region of ST users: 11.0%�C13.6% were from the Northeast, 22.9%�C26.0% were from the South/Southeast, 7%�C13% were from the Southwest, 29.0%�C35.6% were from the Midwest, and 21%�C28% were from the West/Pacific. Socioeconomic Status Eight studies reported the education level of ST users. Two studies reported that the majority of users had 12 years or less of education (Lando, Haddock, Klesges, Talcott, & Jensen, 1999; Vander Weg et al., 2008). Five studies reported that 22.1%�C78.7% of users had some college education. Two studies reported that 21.8% (Kenny et al., 1996) and 26.9% (Severson et al.

, 2009) of users either completed a 4-year college degree and/or continued with graduate school. All participants in one study were U.S. Army general medical officers, who were surveyed about their knowledge on smoking cessation, training, practice, and to report their own tobacco use (7% reported regular ST use; Hepburn, Johnson, Ward, & Longfield, 2000). A majority of ST users in two studies reported an income level of more than $20,000 (Haddock et al., 2001; Lando et al., 1999). One study reported the different income levels of ST users: 21.1% reported an income of less than $25,000, 23.3% reported $25,000�C$45,000, 26.1% reported $45,000�C$70,000, and 29.6% reported more than $70,000 (Vander Weg et al., 2008). Amount of ST Used Ten studies reported the amount of ST used, with mixed findings.

Four studies reported that a majority of users used one can/tin or less per day. One study reported that 51% of ST users used more than one can/tin/pouch per day (Burns & Williams, 1995). Three studies reported that the majority of users used less than two cans/tins/pouches per week. One study reported that 64.3% of ST users used less than two cans/tins/pouches per week (Williams, Hermesch, Gackstetter, Lando, & Fiedler, 1996). One study reported that the average number of cans used per day was 0.8 (Sridhar et al., 2003). Frequency of ST Use Six studies reported the frequency of ST use. Two studies reported average minutes of daily use (Daly & Pierson, 1990; Kenny et al., 1996). Daly and Pierson found that snuff users averaged more minutes of use per day compared with chew users (104.1 vs. 72.1 min). Kenny et al.

reported that users used for an average of 25.8 min per day. Two studies reported the average number of days of ST use and the percentage of those using ST within 30 min of waking (Peterson et al., 2007; Severson et al., 2009). Both studies found that the average number of days per week of use was 6.2 days and that 23.9% used within 30 min of waking. Martin, Brown, Drug_discovery Eifler, and Houston (1999) found that 4 days was average number of days since last use. One study reported that ST users averaged seven dips per day (Trent, Hilton, & Melcer, 2007).