.. Figure 4 HDAC inhibitor Photomicrographs of coronal sections of the pons at the level of the locus coeruleus (LC) showing labeled neurons (arrows) that send axons ipsilaterally (A and B) and contralaterally (C and D) to the dorsal hippocampus. MeNT: Mesencephalic nucleus of … PTZ induced generalized tonic–clonic seizures in all animals. Convulsions after the pretreatment of the dH with

the synaptic blocker Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (cobalt chloride) or the muscarinic or nicotinic cholinergic receptor antagonists (atropine and mecamylamine, respectively) were not preceded by wild running. The duration of tonic–clonic seizures varied from 10 to 13 sec in the saline plus PTZ-treated group, from 9 to 16 sec in the sham procedure plus PTZ-treated group, and from 9 to 12 sec in the cobalt chloride plus PTZ-treated group, as shown in Table 2. The duration of seizures ranged from 9 to 23 sec in the atropine plus PTZ-treated groups

(Table 3, A), and ranged from 8 to 18 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical sec in the mecamylamine plus PTZ-treated groups (Table 3, B), and ranged from 9 to 20 sec in the control groups (Table 3, A and B). Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Table 2 Lack of effect after synaptic inactivation of the dorsal hippocampus (dH) inputs with chloride cobalt on the latency of first myoclonia, duration of each tonic–clonic seizure, total duration of seizures, the severity of tonic–clonic convulsions, … Table 3 Lack of effect of dorsal hippocampus (dH) pharmacological treatments with atropine (A) and mecamylamine (B) at different doses on the latency of first myoclonia, duration of each tonic–clonic seizure, total duration of seizures, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the severity of … The severity of seizures induced by IP administration of PTZ (at 64 mg/kg) was assessed according to a severity index based on the motor impairment induced by tonic and/or clonic

responses (shown in Table 1). The seizure intensity was not altered by different treatments and the scores ranged from 3.7 to 3.8 in the chloride Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cobalt pretreated group (Table 2), from 3.3 to 3.7 in the atropine pretreated group (Table 3, A), and from 3.3 to 3.6 in the mecamylamine pretreated group (Table 3, B). Blocking synapses in the dH decreased the antinociception to that followed tonic–clonic seizures. The treatment showed significant effects (F (3,38) = 23.93; P < 0.01), time (F (9,20) = 544.67; P < 0.001), and the treatment versus time interaction (F (27,56) = 20.17; P < 0.001) were also significant. Repeated-measure ANOVAs showed a significant treatment effect of postictal analgesia from 0 to 90 min after seizures (F (3,28), varying from 6.69 to 16.66; P < 0.01). Post hoc analyses showed that blocking synapses in the dH with cobalt chloride at 1.0 mmol/0.2 μL decreased the postictal antinociception when compared with the sham procedure group or to the saline-treated group followed by IP PTZ administration (at 64 mg/kg) (data shown in Fig. 5).