The step paradigm, in which the central fixation point disappears in synchrony with the peripheral target’s appearance, was chosen because (1) it represents a temporal compromise VEGFR inhibitor between the gap and overlap paradigms, and (2) because fewer errors are typically made during the step paradigm, relative to the gap paradigm, it was presumed that

elderly controls and AD patients would be less frustrated and more compliant. Although the distance between the center and the peripheral target was held constant during each trial, participants were able Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to move their head freely; thus the visual angle of the offset was not equal for each participant. To demonstrate an understanding of the antisaccade

task, prior to the first block, participants first had to successfully point Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to the location where they were supposed to look for three consecutive trials (Connolly et al. 2000). Instructions were repeated in between blocks. A laptop-integrated web camera recorded the participants’; actions at 30 frames/sec. Figure 1 Laptop prosaccade and antisaccade tasks. The fixation star (75 pixels) disappeared simultaneous to the appearance of a peripheral target (75 pixels), 500 pixels left or right of center. Stimulus was presented on a Dell Inspiron 1520 Notebook with a 15.4 … Saccade coding See Figure 2 for experimental setup. If the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical participant fixated centrally for at least two video frames, then made a saccade in the correct direction two frames, after the experimenter raised a finger and prior to the next trial, the response was coded as correct.

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical It is important to note that the frame rate was variable (20–30 frames per second) for each video and was chosen dynamically by the web camera software; thus, two video frames for one video would be of slightly different temporal length than two frames of another video. Two frames were chosen to (1) ensure that participants followed instructions and returned their gaze to center after each trial Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and (2) determine that their eyes were not in motion. If they failed Endonuclease to fixate centrally before the next trial, their response was coded as a fixation error. Errors that were corrected before the next trial were coded as corrected errors, while those left uncorrected were coded as uncorrected. Trials in which no action was made were coded as omissions. Fixation and omission errors were excluded from the analysis of antisaccade errors and were analyzed separately. Percentage of errors was defined as: (corrected + uncorrected errors)/(no. of trials) × 100. The correlation between results obtained by the main rater (LDK) and a second rater (CA), who coded videos from 20 participants (10 AD and 10 controls), was 0.88 (P < 0.001) indicating a high reliability for coding criteria. Figure 2 Experimental setup.