, 2008). In this respect, we found a prominent

enhancement of the heat sensitivity of TRPM3 by the neurosteroid PS. In particular, our data indicate strong synergism between heat and PS at concentrations between 100 and 1000 nM, which is well within the range of plasma PS levels measured in adult humans (0.1–0.8 μM Havlíková et al., 2002). Plasma PS levels can rise to supramicromolar concentrations during parturition Selleck 3 Methyladenine and under various pathological conditions but also decreases with aging (Havlíková et al., 2002, Hill et al., 2001 and Schumacher et al., 2008), which may further influence heat sensitivity and pain through TRPM3. Clearly, further study is needed to elucidate the in vivo interplay between neurosteroid production and TRPM3 activity in normal and pathological conditions. In conclusion, we have identified TRPM3 as nociceptor Ibrutinib channel involved in acute heat sensing and inflammatory heat hyperalgesia,

and thus as a potential target for analgesic treatments. Human embryonic kidney cells, HEK293T, were grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) containing 10% (v/v) human serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 2 units/ml penicillin, and 2 mg/ml streptomycin at 37°C in a humidity-controlled incubator with 10% CO2. HEK293T cells were transiently transfected with murine TRPM3α2 (accession number AJ 544535) in the bicistronic pCAGGS/IRES-GFP vector, using Mirus TransIT-293 (Mirus corporation; Madison, WI, USA). Transfected cells were visualized by green fluorescence protein (GFP) expression, whereas GFP-negative cells from the same batch were used as controls. TG and DRG neurons from adult (postnatal weeks 8–12) male mice were isolated as described previously (Karashima et al., 2007). HEK293T cells stably transfected with TRPM3α2 were developed using the Flp-In System (Invitrogen). Trpm3−/− SB-3CT mice ( Figure S2), obtained from Lexicon Genetics (see http://www.informatics.jax.org/searches/accession_report.cgi?id=MGI:3528836), were generated using homologous recombination in 129SvEvBrd ES cells. ES cells were injected into blastocysts from C57BL/6J donor mice to generate chimeric animals, which were mated with C57BL/6J mice and genotyped

for the mutated allele. Heterozygotes were mated, resulting in Trpm3+/+, Trpm3+/−, and Trpm3−/− mice with the expected Mendelian distribution. Unless mentioned otherwise, paired Trpm3+/+and Trpm3−/− littermates were used in behavioral experiments. For comparison, we also used age-matched pure 129SvEvBrd (kindly provided by The Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK) and C57BL/6J (Charles River) mice in behavioral experiments, as indicated in the text. Trpv1−/− mice in pure C57BL/6J background were obtained from The Jackson Laboratory (http://jaxmice.jax.org/strain/003770.html), and age- and weight-matched C57BL/6J mice were used as matched controls (Trpv1+/+). Trpv1−/− mice were mated with Trpa1−/− mice ( Kwan et al., 2006) to obtain Trpv1−/−/Trpa1−/− double-knockout mice.