McCabe, Columbia University). Homozygous mutant embryos were then identified by their lack of GFP fluorescence using a Zeiss LUMAR.V12 fluorescent stereoscope. To produce AP-ligands, Sema-2a

or Sema-2b cDNAs were cloned into the APtag-5 vector (GenHunter) using NheI http://www.selleckchem.com/products/BKM-120.html and BglII sites. The entire DNA fragment expressing secreted Sema-2a-AP, or Sema-2b-AP fusion protein ligand, was subcloned to the pUASt vector using NotI and XbaI sites. The pUASt constructs were cotransfected with an Act-GAL4 plasmid into S2R+ cells cultured in a serum-free Schneider’s Drosophila medium (1×, GIBCO). Four days after transfection, the cell culture supernatants were collected and concentrated. Freshly prepared ligands were used each time, and ligand quality was Sirolimus assessed using western blot. Ligand concentrations were measured by quantifying AP activity, and a concentration of 6 nM was used for ligands in all analyses. To quantify ch afferent distribution within the embryonic CNS, stage 16.5 embryos were stained with 1D4 (for reference coordinates) and anti-GFP to visualize ch terminals expressing UAS:syt-GFP under the iav-GAL4 driver. High-resolution

Z stack pictures were taken using a Zeiss LSM 510 confocal microscope from a dorsal view to generate a series of optical cross-sections. Only hemisegments A2–A4 were scored for quantification (from 4 embryos/genotype for a total of 24 hemisegments/genotype; ∼60.5 μm optical Ketanserin sections/hemisegment for a total of ∼1500 sections/genotype). We avoided the region ∼3 μm to either side of the ch afferent entry point into the VNC to eliminate excessive background signals from the entering ch nerve bundles and their initial branching within the CNS. At

each anterior-posterior position, we used the plot profile function from NIH ImageJ software (Rasband WS, ImageJ, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/) to determine both 1D4 and anti-GFP fluorescent signal distributions along the medial-to-lateral axis in the cross-section. For each optical section, the peak position of the 1D4-m tract signal was used as a reference point (lateral position defined as = 0 μm). Then, the lateral GFP signal distributions from all optical cross-sections were averaged to generate a normalized distribution for further analysis. Peak position of the normalized GFP distribution was defined as the lateral position of the highest GFP value in relation to the 1D4-m peak; peak width was measured at half peak height in the plotted distribution curve. Drosophila stocks were constructed using balancers with Tubby or GFP markers to allow selection of live larvae with desired genotypes.