To confirm that the inhibition of sodium depletion-induced 1.8% NaCl intake by suramin into the LPBN is not due to non-specific inhibition

of all ingestive behaviors, ad libitum 2% sucrose intake, food deprivation induced 2% sucrose intake or water deprivation induced water intake were tested after injections of suramin into the LPBN. A group of rats with ad libitum access to food and water had also access to 2% sucrose for 2 h every day for 1 week. After this period of training, suramin (2.0 nmol/0.2 μl) or saline was injected bilaterally into the LPBN, 10 min before rats were given 2% sucrose solution. Cumulative water and 2% sucrose solution intake Birinapant price was measured at each 15 min for 2 h. This group of rats was submitted to two tests. In the first test, half of the group received bilateral injections of suramin into Fluorouracil chemical structure the LPBN and the other half received injections of saline into the LPBN. In the next test, rats received the same treatments into the LPBN in a counterbalanced design. The interval between the two tests was 48 h. Another group of rats had food removed from the cage, whereas water was available. Twenty-four hours after starting food deprivation,

the animals received suramin (2.0 nmol/0.2 μl) or saline into the LPBN. Ten minutes after the injections, rats had access to 2% sucrose. Cumulative 2% sucrose intake was measured at each 30 min for 2 h in the absence of food. This group of rats was also submitted to two tests, following the same counterbalanced design described previously

to test sucrose intake by satiated rats. The interval between the two tests was 72 h. Another group of rats had only food pellets available for 24 h. After this period, food was removed and suramin (2.0 nmol/0.2 μl) or saline was injected into the LPBN 10 min before access to water. Cumulative water intake was measured at each 30 min for 2 h in the absence of food. This group of rats was also submitted to two tests, following the same counterbalanced design described previously Rebamipide for sucrose intake test. The interval between the two tests was 72 h. This research was supported by Brazilian public funding from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, grants 2007/50647-0 and 2008/52757-0). This work is part of requirements to obtain a Master Degree by Menezes, M.F in the Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences UNESP/UFSCar. The authors thank Reginaldo C. Queiroz and Silvia Fóglia for expert technical assistance and Silvana A. D. Malavolta for secretarial assistance. We also thank Ana V. de Oliveira and Adriano P. de Oliveira for animal care. “
“Identifying why certain individuals may be more vulnerable to depression is an increasingly important research question. The hopelessness theory of depression (Abramson, Metalsky, & Alloy, 1989) proposes that possession of a negative cognitive style increases the probability of depression developing after a negative life event.