, 2007 and Ribeiro Mde et al., 2006). In the present study, we found that ASK1 accelerated the activation of AQP-1 in the MCAO mouse brain. Considering our results, we suggest that the inhibition of ASK1 may attenuate increased osmotic water permeability following cerebral ischemia by inhibiting the activation of AQP-1 in ischemic brain. Taken together, our findings suggest that ASK1 may

be activated at reperfusion early time point in cerebral ischemia and subsequently may be involved in the increase of VEGF and AQP-1 expression, ultimately selleck chemicals llc resulting in edema formation. Thus, we conclude that the inhibition of ASK1 activation might be a target to treat clinical pathologies that occur after ischemic stroke. Murine Talazoparib manufacturer brain endothelial cells (bEnd.3 cells; ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) were cultured in Dulbecco׳s modified Eagle׳s medium (DMEM, Hyclone

Laboratories, Logan, UT, USA), supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS, Hyclone Laboratories, Logan, UT, USA) and 100 units/mL penicillin/streptomycin (Hyclone Laboratories, Logan, UT, USA), at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere in the presence of 5% CO2(Jung et al., 2013). bEND.3 cells were used in 13 passages. Confluent cells were transferred to an anaerobic chamber (Forma Scientific, Marietta, OH, USA) (O2 tension, 0.1%) and washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Then, the culture medium was replaced with de-oxygenated, glucose-free balanced salt solution, and cells were incubated for 4 h in the anaerobic chamber. Following oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) injury, cells were incubated for 30 min, 1 h, 3 h under normal growth conditions, respectively (Yang et al., 2007). bEND.3 cells were pretreated with 600 nM ASK1 inhibitor (NQDI-1, Tocris Bioscience, Mirabegron Bristol, UK) to inhibit ASK1 activation 3 h before hypoxia stress. Male C57BL/6 mice (Orient, GyeongGi-Do, Korea; 8- to 12-week old) were subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia by intraluminal middle cerebral artery blockade with a nylon suture, as previously described (Unterberg et al., 2004). After 60 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), blood flow

was restored by withdrawing the suture, and regional cerebral blood flow was monitored using a laser Doppler flow meter (Transonic Systems, Inc., Ithaca, NY, USA). All animal procedures and experiments were performed in accordance with the Guide to the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care. An si-RNA targeting ASK1 (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA; sense: GCUGGUAAUUUAUACACuGtt, antisense: CAGUGUAUAAAUUACGAGCtt, concentration: 5 µM) was used in this study. A mixture of siPORTNeoFX (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA) and ASK1-siRNA was injected into the lateral ventricles of the mouse brain (mediolateral 1.0 mm; anteroposterior 0.2 mm; dorsoventral 3.