Although these isolates appear similar to strain M1 and were also initially enriched

Belnacasan from gradient-culture systems, L70 and LD2 were isolated in Fe(III)-reducing, dilution series, whereas strain M1 was unable to reduce Fe(III) in the presence of either lactate or acetate. In addition, Geelhoed et al. (2009) reported that L70 and LD2 did not oxidize Fe(II) and suggest that these bacteria grew in Fe(II) gradient systems using Fe(III) hydroxide as a terminal electron acceptor. Regardless of slight differences in phylogeny and physiology, these reports support our contention that Dechlorospirillum sp., in addition to its more commonly known role as a perchlorate and nitrate reducer, can be enriched in Fe(II)-oxidizing, gradient cultures and may be an important member of microbial communities involved in iron redox cycling at oxic–anoxic transition zones in sediments. It would selleck be premature to suggest that this bacterium is capable of chemolithoautotrophic growth, however, because we have no evidence that strain M1 can fix

CO2 or can harness the energy from Fe(II) oxidation for growth. One can speculate about other mechanisms that could provide explanations for the observed Fe(II)-oxidation-dependent growth in gradient cultures. One such possibility involves the formation of reactive species, for example, OH•, O2−, or H2O2, during the chemical oxidation of Fe(II) by O2 (King et al., 1995). Such reactive species might lead to a partial breakdown of complex organic matter, for example agarose or dissolved organic matter, into smaller molecules that can be degraded heterotrophically or utilized mixotrophically. If such a mechanism was operative, propagation of cells at zones of abiotic Fe(II) oxidation would also be expected. Although Fe(II)-oxidation-dependent growth of strain M1 was clear in our studies, further work is therefore necessary to determine whether

the increase in the growth yield at the Fe(II)/Fe(III) interface PIK3C2G was linked to microbial energy conservation from Fe(II) oxidation or resulted from other mechanisms. This research was supported by National Science Foundation Biogeosciences Program Grant 0525069 to F.W.P. and E. Roden and by grant EXB04-0017-0111 from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to J.S. The authors would like to thank David Emerson and Eric Roden for useful suggestions during the initial stages of the research and Burga Braun for her assistance in rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic characterization. Fig. S1. Replicate gradient-culture vials for three different treatments after 8 days of incubation. Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. “
“In this study, we show that integration host factor protein (IHF) is required for replication of pYGK plasmids in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.