Moreover, long-term studies of dieting indicate that the majority of individuals who dieted regain virtually all of the weight that was lost after dieting, regardless of whether they maintain their diet or exercise program.[8-10] Therefore, the maintenance of weight loss is still one of the biggest challenges of dietary interventions in patients with NAFLD. Provide 200–800 calories GDC-0941 in vitro per day, maintaining protein intake but limiting calories from both fat and carbohydrates. Must be undertaken with medical supervision to prevent adverse side-effects, such as loss

of lean muscle mass, increased risks of gout, gallbladder stone, and electrolyte imbalances. Aside from the possibility of achieving weight loss through caloric restriction (either low in carbohydrates or low in fats) as PLX4032 cell line a treatment for NAFLD, many dietary factors (especially macronutrients) can directly influence the development of NAFLD (Table 2).[3-7, 12-27] Manipulation of dietary composition might affect the outcomes of NAFLD and associated metabolic disorders independent of weight loss.[4-6] The dietary carbohydrates are often divided into complex carbohydrate (refer to any sort of digestible saccharide present in a whole food, where fiber, vitamins, and minerals are also found), or simple carbohydrates such as monosaccharides and disaccharides

(refer to sugar, provide calories but few other nutrients, and raise blood glucose rapidly especially if processed). Dietary carbohydrate

especially sugars contribute to increased circulating insulin and triglyceride concentrations and lead to increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis and decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity 上海皓元 because of the lipogenic potential of fructose during liver metabolism.[12-16] In addition, recent genome-wide studies have identified several polymorphisms that contribute to increased liver fat accumulation, with some of these genes relating to dietary carbohydrate and sugar consumption.[7, 33] Dietary fructose consumption primarily in the form of soft drinks worldwide has increased in parallel with the increase in obesity, diabetes, and NAFLD, and some studies have suggested a direct association.[1-6] The role of fructose and sucrose in NAFLD and metabolic disorders has been thoroughly reviewed elsewhere. Low-carbohydrate diets are increasingly employed for treatment of obesity and NAFLD; they have been shown to promote weight loss, decrease intrahepatic triglyceride content, and improve metabolic parameters of patients with obesity.[4-6, 9, 34] However, the relationship between long-term maintenance on low-carbohydrate diets and systemic insulin resistance in humans remains to be elucidated. In addition, low glycemic index (GI ≤ 55) foods such as oats have been shown to increase appetite, reduce calories intake, and decrease plasma glucose and total cholesterol levels.