8 We previously found that mice containing a β2sp haploinsufficiency (β2sp+/−) spontaneously develop HCC, and that 11% of human HCC cancer cell lines exhibited a splice site mutation in β2SP exon 15.9, 10 In addition, most cases of human HCC, gastric cancer, and lung cancer demonstrate significant reductions in β2SP expression.11-13 These results suggest that β2SP acts as a tumor suppressor and that the inhibition of β2SP function is a critical mechanism

by which normal cells can escape from the regulation of proliferation in carcinogenesis. However, the exact mechanisms by which β2SP regulates cellular proliferation and suppression of liver carcinogenesis are unclear. We previously reported that the introduction of β2SP decreases CDK4 expression Ivacaftor supplier and results in the accumulation of cells in G1 phase.13 In contrast, a β2sp null Autophagy inhibitor molecular weight mutation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) results in increased levels of CDK4, whereas the small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of β2SP results in hyperphosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product Rb in HepG2 and CPAE cells.12, 14 These results imply that CDK4 is a strong mediator of the TGF-β-β2SP signaling pathway and its regulation of the cell cycle. To address the relationship between β2SP and CDK4, we examined

the effect of changes in β2SP and CDK4 expression on progression through the cell cycle. We identified a TGF-β- and Smad3-dependent interaction between β2SP and CDK4. We also found that the decreased levels of CDK4 in β2sp+/− mice crossed with cdk4+/− mice efficiently prevented the spontaneous development of HCC seen in β2sp+/− mice. Thus, our investigation provides evidence selleck chemicals llc that CDK4 activation is a critical step in the dysregulation of cellular proliferation due to alterations in β2SP expression. CDK4 may thus be an attractive

therapeutic target in β2SP-deficient HCCs. β2SP, β2-spectrin; CDK4, cyclin dependent kinase 4; HCC, hepatocellular cancer; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β. Animals were cared for in accordance with institutional guidelines using approved protocols. β2sp+/− and cdk4+/− mice and intercrosses were maintained and genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as described.8, 15 Antibodies against the following proteins were used in this study: CDK2, CDK6, cyclin B, cyclin D1, cyclin E, c-myc, Rb, β-actin, α-tubulin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), phospho-RbSer807/811 (Cell Signaling Technology), CDK4 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology or Cell Signaling Technology), Ki-67 (Novus), V5 (Invitrogen), FLAG (Sigma), and β2SP (Santa Cruz Biotechnology or VA-1).16 (See Supporting Experimental Procedures for further details.) β2SP expression is tightly related to the levels of CDK4, and the G1/S transition, suggesting the role of β2SP in the expression of CDK4 and cell cycle progression.12, 13 However, it is not yet clear whether CDK4 is the sole partner of β2SP in the TGF-β/β2SP-mediated signaling pathway.