Table 2 displays details of study design and sample characteristics, while

Table 3 identifies headache-specific characteristics. Literature searches identified 7 studies meeting inclusion criteria, while 2 additional studies were found after reference list reviews. While 7 of these studies specified the use of aerobic exercise in the intervention, 2 studies that included exercise did not indicate whether it was aerobic exercise. Given the small number of studies meeting inclusion criteria, the authors decided to include these 2 studies. Studies were published in academic journals between 1984 and 2012. Studies were generally of moderate to high quality. Pain center (historical) Primary care (historical) Pain center: 46 Primary care: 80 Pain center: selleck products 41.2 Primary care: 45.5 Pain center: 74 Primary care: 65.6 Migraine without aura (nr) Tension-type (nr) Post-traumatic (nr) Intervention: ICHD Controls: nr Intervention: IHS diagnosis; 8 headaches/month for 1 year Pain center control: nr Primary care control: migraine and/or tension-type headache diagnosis 9 ± 5.9 migraine days/month 17.5 ± 10.7 tension-type days/month Pain center: 7.5 ± 5.2 migraine days/month 16.4 ± 9.9 tension-type days/month

Primary care: 6.9 ± 4.7 migraine days/month 15.7 ± 10.2 tension-type days/month Akt inhibitor > 1/year: 5 patients 1/month: 5 patients > 1/month: 3 patients 1/week: 2 patients >1/year: 1 patient 1/month: 11 patients > 1/month: 1 patient 1/week: 2 patients Intervention: 15 headache days /month; chronic daily headaches

for ≥6 months Control: nr New daily headache (3%) Transformed migraine (84%) Migraine with aura (nr) Migraine without aura (nr) Chronic migraines for 6 months Chronic daily headache (86%) Post-traumatic (11.2%) Cluster (1.8%) Cluster selleck chemicals and migraine variant (.5%) Migraine (31%) Tension-type (6%) Migraine and tension-type (29%) Medication overuse (34.3%) ICDH-II diagnosis; Initially referred to Headache Center Berlin from March to September 2009 Tension-type and migraine (23%) Migraine without aura (78%) Migraine with aura (22%) Tension-type (6%) Medication overuse (19%) Two of the studies were RCTs,[16, 17] 2 were non-randomized experimental studies,[18, 19] and 5 studies described results of a single-group intervention.20-22 Both of the non-randomized studies utilized historical control groups, which were drawn from different settings than the intervention group.[18, 19] Studies drew participants from a variety of settings, including pain centers,[18, 19, 22, 23] medical centers,[16, 20] inpatient units,[21] and local physician referrals.[17] Studies that utilized comparison groups16-19 reported total sample sizes ranging from 30 to 168 (mean = 96.3), while those with a single group20-24 reported larger samples, ranging from 18 to 497 (mean = 246.4). Average ages of participants ranged from 27 to 45.5. In all studies, the majority of the sample comprised females.