doriae, two species of the genus Stenodactylus, inhabiting the southern Arava Valley in Israel. We compared the genetic structure of the populations of these two Fulvestrant purchase geckos by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis, expecting to find decreased gene diversity within the small populations that fail to form a meta-population structure. Indeed, we found that among populations, the habitat specialist S. doriae

had a low level of gene flow, whereas the habitat generalist S. sthenodactylus had a relatively high level of gene flow. However, unexpectedly, the most isolated population of the specialist S. doriae, located in the Samar dune (a small patch of 2.3 km2), exhibited the highest level of gene diversity of all the populations studied (expected heterozygosity = 0.4286).

Moreover, the results showed that the Samar population is genetically unique when compared with its neighboring populations. Gene flow between two populations located to the north and LY2835219 research buy to the south bypass the Samar population. The generalist S. sthenodactylus, in contrast, did not exhibit an exceptional level of gene diversity. The origin of the exceptional diversity and genetic uniqueness of the Samar population of S. doriae may be associated with traits that make this gecko highly adaptive to this specific landscape unit. It also emphasizes the need to establish special conservation efforts for the protection of high-quality habitats that provide adequate conditions for a source population of specialist species. “
“Hypertrophied canines evolved several SPTLC1 times among mammalian carnivores. Several palaeobiological hypotheses related to sabretooth evolution and killing behaviours have been suggested based on biomechanical and functional considerations. However, the lack of well-studied extant analogues makes it difficult to test these hypotheses. Here we propose the South American short-tailed opossum Monodelphis dimidiata as a living analogue of extinct sabretooth

predators. Our morphological analysis shows that M. dimidiata not only has relatively the largest canines among extant marsupial carnivores, but they are also within the range of those of sabretooth predators. It also has cranial adaptations for a wide gape typical of sabretooth carnivores. The small body size of this species allows further biological studies that can provide useful information to understand the evolution, behaviour and physiology of extinct sabretooth carnivores. The sabretooth morphology originated independently at least four times in mammalian predators (Emerson & Radinsky, 1980; Radinsky & Emerson, 1982; Turner & Antón, 1997) or five times if the nimravids are split in two separate groups (Peigné, 2003; Peigné & de Bonis, 2003; Morlo, Peigné & Nagel, 2004). There have been many functional studies of the sabretooth condition (Christiansen, 2011 and references therein).