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N-FC participated in the design of the study and performed the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. T-YH carried out the immunoassays and performed the statistical analysis. H-CL and K-CL conceived the study and participated in its design and coordination. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a type of blood cancer, which presents not only as a solid tumor AT9283 chemical structure of lymphoid cells in lymph nodes and/or extranodal lymphatic organs such as spleen and bone marrow, but also as free lymphoma cells in circulating blood [1–3]. Particularly, most patients

can be cured with chemotherapy and/or radiation, which revealed the important status of chemotherapy in the treatment of NHL [4–6]. Currently, while various chemotherapeutic agents are validated to be effective in the treatment of lymphoma in preclinical studies,

clinical Protein kinase N1 applications are often limited for their side effects to normal tissues because of the systemic administration. As a result, finding more effective strategy to maximize the curative effect while minimizing the side effects of chemotherapy against lymphoma is of great importance and urgency [7, 8]. In the past decade, nanocarriers, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, nanogels etc., with an appropriate diameter of tens to hundreds of nanometers, have received widespread attention for the specific delivery of bioactive reagents in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer [7, 9–12]. Encapsulation of bioactive reagents in nanocarriers can result in significant accumulation and retention in solid tumor tissues relative to administration of drug in conventional formulations through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, which was firstly described by Maeda and colleagues [13–17]. What’s more, the drug loading nanocarriers owns high serum stability, which can contribute to long-time circulation in the blood vessels, resulting in long-lasting antitumor activities, especially for the killing of free malignant cells in circulating blood [12, 17, 18].