Leucine also seems to have both insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanisms for promoting

protein synthesis [27, 28]. Approximately 3 to 4 g of leucine per serving is needed to promote maximal protein synthesis [29, 30]. See Table 2 for the leucine content of protein sources for all protein ingestion timing studies referenced in this review. Table 2 Leucine content of protein sources for studies JQ-EZ-05 molecular weight that used a protein ingestion timing method Research study Protein used Leucine content Reached 3g Threshold for Leucine Hoffman et al. [31] 42 g of a proprietary blend of protein (enzymatically hydrolyzed collagen protein isolate, whey protein isolate, and casein protein isolate) 3.6 g Yes Hoffman et al. [32] 42 g of a proprietary protein blend (enzymatically hydrolyzed collagen protein isolate, whey protein isolate, casein protein isolate, plus 250 mg of additional branch chain amino acids) 3.6 g Yes Cribb et al. [33] Whey protein, creatine and dextrose mixture based on individuals bodyweight 3.49 g1 Yes Verdijk et al. [34] 20 g of casein split into two 10 g servings pre- and post-workout 1.64 g total in 2 servings2

No selleck inhibitor Hulmi et al. [35] 30 g whey split into two 15 g servings pre- and post-workout 3.4 g total in 2 servings No as only 1.7 g were given at a time Andersen et al. [36] 25 g of a protein blend (16.6 g of whey protein; 2.8 g of casein; 2.8 g of egg white protein; and 2.8 g of l-glutamine) 2.29 g 2,3 No Elliot et al. [37] 237 g of whole milk 0.639 g No Hartman et al. [38] 500 mL of fat-free milk 1.35 g No Wilkinson et al. [39] 500 mL of fat-free milk 1.35 g No Rankin et al. [40] Unoprostone Chocolate milk based on bodyweight Unknown Unknown Josse et al. [41] 500 mL of fat-free milk 1.35 g No 1 3.49 g is based on the amount of leucine that the mean weight (80 kg) of the participants in this study. 2 Leucine content of casein received from Tang et al. [42]. 3 Leucine content of egg white received from Norton et al. [43]. Types of protein There are numerous protein sources available to

the consumer. This review article focuses on studies that have used a variety of dairy- and soy-based protein sources. This section describes each of these protein sources and compares their quality on the two scales most relevant to this review: biological value and protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) [44]. Biological value (BV), determines how efficiently exogenous protein leads to protein synthesis in body tissues once absorbed, and has a maximum score of 100 [44]. PDCAAS numerically ranks protein sources based on the completeness of their essential amino acid content, and has a maximum score of 1.0 [44]. The BV and PDCAAS are both important in understanding bioavailability and quality of different protein sources.