Figure 2 Principal component analysis of pulmonary expression of the 10 host-encoded mRNAs in mock-treated and infected DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice in the 5-day time course of IAV infection. mRNA see more levels of Fos, Retnla, Irg1, Il6, Il1b, Cxcl10, Stat1, Ifng, Ifnl2, and Mx1 were determined by qRT-PCR as outlined in the Methods section, using Actb and Rpl4 mRNA expression for internal normalization. Each dot refers to the mean value of mice of one

treatment as outlined in the legend adjacent to the box. The number inside each dot identifies the time (h) elapsed since t = 0 h. A. Results obtained with the DBA/2J strain. B. Results obtained with the C57BL/6J strain. Including the third component Entospletinib clinical trial did not lead to further discrimination (data not shown). Pulmonary expression of individual host-encoded mRNAs Results are shown in Figure 3. All 10 host mRNAs exhibited at least some evidence of regulation throughout the time course (ANOVA). Four mRNAs were also significantly regulated in response to mock treatment, but two of these (Cxcl10 and Irg1) were regulated only in the DBA/2J strain. Fos, Il1b, Stat1, Ifng, Ifnl2, and Mx1 mRNAs were not regulated by mock treatment CHIR98014 in either strain. Figure 3 Expression changes in mock-treated and infected DBA/2J (left column) and C57BL/6J (right column) mice in the 10 target

host mRNAs in the 5-day time course of IAV infection. Analysis of the same data set as used for Figure 2. Panels show fold change expression, determined by qRT-PCR, of Fos (A, B), Retnla (C, D), Irg1 (E, F), Il6 (G, H), Il1b selleck products (I, J), Cxcl10 (K, L), Stat1 (M, N), Ifng (O, P), Ifnl2 (Q, R), and Mx1 (S, T) mRNA. Fold change data of Ifnl2 represent an underestimation, as a Ct of 40 was assigned to all samples with Ct >40 (see Methods section). Solid lines, mice intranasally infected with 1×103 ffu of IAV strain PR8_Mun; interrupted lines, mice undergoing the same anesthesia/infection procedure except that buffer only, not containing virus, was used for intranasal installation (mock treatment).

*, p ≤0.05 for difference between infected mice at the given time point with respect to t = 0 h; ∆, p ≤0.05 for difference between mock treated and control (t = 0 h) mice; ‡, p ≤0.05 for difference between infected and mock treated mice at the given time point. All p values were determined with Tukey’s test. Fos mRNA was expressed at low level and increased significantly after 48 h in the infected DBA/2J mice only (panel A). There was no evidence for mock treatment-dependent regulation of this mRNA in either mouse strain (panels A and B). The apparent tendency of an increase in infected C57BL/6J mice toward the later time points was not significant. Retnla mRNA increased significantly at all time points in infected DBA/2J mice.