The difference in Ct value between the 32 μg/mL

culture and 2 μg/mL culture is just below the 3.33 cycle cut-off. Had the MIC been called at 4 μg/mL, the result would have been in agreement. The HSP inhibitor second discrepancy produced by the gsPCR method was in the series of MRSA versus Vancomycin (Table 1, superscript d). Many of the gsPCR reactions produced a negative result, particularly at the zero hour time point. The baseline was accounted for by giving an arbitrary Ct value to each of these reactions of 38, the approximate cycle time a single copy check details of gene target is detected by qPCR. Once the baseline was adjusted reliable results were obtained. When either sensitive or resistant S. aureus was harvested from the blood culture using the SST, the inoculation verification produced CFU counts that were too low to be enumerable. Unlike the

gsPCR assay, the ETGA assay detected the presence of bacteria in the cultures at the zero hour time point (Additional file 1: Table S1 and Additional file 1: Table S2). Discussion and conclusions This report describes preliminary data for the use of ETGA as a rapid molecular method for producing reliable AST results. The results demonstrate that aliquots of cultures in a two-fold dilution series of antibiotic can be removed and analyzed with ETGA to determine a MIC much sooner than visual endpoint analysis that requires an overnight incubation of the cultures. The results of ETGA AST also correlate well with C59 solubility dmso molecular AST results using gsPCR assays. Recent literature GSI-IX ic50 describes molecular AST methods that employ qPCR assays which amplify the rpoB gene of the 16S rDNA locus of the bacterial genome as the marker for bacterial proliferation in culture [16, 19, 20]. The rDNA region is used as a universal gene target because the region is well conserved across prokaryotes and therefore only a single assay need be designed and validated. While the frequency

of organisms that cause bacteremia has been fairly well defined [23] the list is by no means exhaustive. These studies shows genuine promise for the use of molecular AST as a method for achieving more rapid time to results, but the rpoB locus as a gene target may also create limitations. The rDNA region still exhibits considerable sequence variations across species, and degenerate primers and probes are required in order to detect a wide range of microorganisms [24–26]. Universal rDNA primers, no matter how well designed and validated, are not be able to amplify every possible organism or do so with equal efficiency. Contrary to existing ‘universal’ PCR methodologies, ETGA is a highly sensitive enzymatic assay, not a genetic assay. Instead of genomic DNA, ETGA monitors bacterial proliferation in culture via measurement of endogenous DNA polymerase extension activity.