de/comics/index.php/gendb/] (accessed May 15, 2013) 67. Meyer F, Goesmann A, McHardy AC, Bartels D, Bekel T, Clausen J, Kalinowski J, Linke B, Rupp O, Giegerich R, Pühler A: GenDB-an open source genome annotation system for prokaryote genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2003, 31:2187–2195.PubMedCrossRef 68. NCBI BLAST tool http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/genom_table.cgi] (accessed May 15, 2013) 69. GGDC – Genome-To-Genome Distance Calculator http://ggdc.gbdp.org/] (accessed May 15, 2013) 70. Auch AF, von Jan M, Klenk HP, Göker M: Digital www.selleckchem.com/products/BKM-120.html DNA-DNA hybridization for microbial species delineation by means of
genome-to-genome sequence comparison. Stand Genomic Sci 2010, 2:117–134.PubMedCrossRef 71. Ludwig W, Strunk O, Westram R, Richter L, Meier H, Yadhukumar , Buchner A, Lai T, Steppi S, Jobb G, Förster W, Brettske I, Gerber S,
Ginhart AW, Gross O, Grumann S, Hermann FK228 manufacturer S, Jost R, König A, Liss T, Lüssmann R, May M, Nonhoff B, Reichel B, Strehlow R, Stamatakis A, Stuckmann N, Vilbig A, Lenke M, Ludwig T, Bode A, Schleifer KH: ARB: a software environment for sequence data. Nucleic Acids Res 2004, 32:1363–1371.PubMedCrossRef 72. Silvestro D, Michalak I: raxmlGUI: a graphical front-end for RAxML. Org Divers Evol 2012, 12:335–337.CrossRef 73. Stamatakis A: RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 2006, 22:2688–2690.PubMedCrossRef 74. Pruesse E, Quast C, I-BET151 Knittel K, Fuchs B, Ludwig W, Peplies J, Glöckner F: SILVA:
a comprehensive online resource for quality checked and aligned ribosomal RNA sequence data compatible with ARB. Nucleic Acids Res 2007, 35:7188–7196.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions BMF and SS developed the study concept. SS conceived and designed a majority Cediranib (AZD2171) of the experiments. SS and TR performed the experiments. BMF, SY, JH, TR and CS contributed materials and analysis tools. SS wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background The capacity to survive at pH values outside their normal growth range is a prominent feature of many pathogenic bacteria [1]. For example, during their life cycles the neutralophilic enterobacteria Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae can be released into alkaline marine and estuarine environments where they can remain viable and sustain a threat to public health for periods of up to weeks [2, 3]. Such alkalitolerance requires neutralophilic bacteria to maintain a stable cytoplasmic pH, in the narrow range of pH 7.4 to 7.8, that is acidic relative to that of the external environment [4]; to achieve this they employ diverse strategies, all specifically designed to contribute to the maintenance of cytoplasmic proton concentration.