2009;4:821–9. (Level 4)   6. Furth SL, et al. CHIR98014 chemical structure Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22:265–71. (Level 4)   7. Abitbol CL, et al. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24:1363–70. (Level 4)   8. Vikse BE, et al. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:151–7.

(Level 4)   9. Ardissino G, et al. Pediatrics. 2003;111:e382–7. (Level 4)   10. Furth SL, et al. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:2132–40. (Level 4)   11. Novak TE, et al. J Urol. 2009;182:1678–81. (Level 4)   Is CKD in children a risk for cardiovascular disease? We reviewed previous reports about CKD in children and concluded that CKD in children is a risk factor for CVD. Luminespib ic50 On the other hand, it is notable that there are few pediatric patients with coronary artery or cerebrovascular disease, which are frequent in adults with CKD. It is crucial to control blood pressure, which is a traditional CVD risk factor. Some previous reports suggested that the target value of blood EGFR inhibitors list pressure for children with CKD should be lower than that for healthy children. Non-traditional CVD risk factors for CKD in children are still being investigated. Bibliography

1. Parekh RS, et al. J Pediatr. 2002;141:191–7. (Level 4)   2. Groothoff JW, et al. Kidney Int. 2002;61:621–9. (Level 4)   3. Chavers BM, et al. Kidney Int. 2002;62:648–53. (Level 4)   4. Mitsnefes M, et al. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:2618–22. (Level 4)   5. Wong H, et al. Kidney Int. 2006;70:585–90. (Level 4)   6. Furth SL, et al. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:2132–40. (Level 4)   7. Sinha MD, et al. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:543–51. (Level 4)   8. Rinat C, et al. Nephrol Dial Transplant. Parvulin 2010;25:785–93. (Level 4)   9. Oh J, et al. Circulation. 2002;106:100–5. (Level 4)   Is CKD in children a risk for growth impairment? Some previous reports demonstrated that 10–40 % of CKD in children, including ESKD, were associated with a short stature. The physical condition associated QOL of CKD

in children with a short stature is significantly lower than that of healthy children. Moreover, pediatric cases of CKD with a severely short stature have been shown to have a higher risk of hospitalization and mortality. Children with CKD are indicative of resistance to growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor. Accordingly, children with CKD are suitable candidates for replacement therapy with growth hormone. Additionally, it is crucial to provide good nutrition especially in infancy and early childhood. Bibliography 1. Wong H, et al. Kidney Int. 2006;70:585–90. (Level 4)   2. Seikaly MG, et al. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21:793–799. (Level 4)   3. Wada N, Syouni PD. Kenkyuukaishi. 2000;13:32–5. (Level 4)   4. Furth SL, et al. Pediatr Nephrol. 2002;6:450–5. (Level 4)   5. Gerson AC, et al. Pediatrics. 2010;125:e349–457. (Level 4)   6. Furth SL, et al. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:2132–40. (Level 4)   7. Kari JA, et al. Kidney Int. 2001;57:1681–7. (Level 4)   Chapter 17: Management of CKD in childhood Treatment for IgA nephropathy in children 1.