25 to 1.50 mg depending on the Candida species tested. C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, and C. lusitaniae formed more biofilm than C. norvegensis, C. krusei and C. kefyr. However, significant differences between the

Candida species were not observed (P = 0.062) (Table 2 and Figure 1). The biofilm mass formed by oral and systemic isolates of C. albicans were compared and Liproxstatin1 showed similar results both for biofilm formed on silicone pads as biofilm formed on acrylic resin (Figure 2). Figure AL3818 cell line 2 Means and SDs of the biofilm mass formed on silicone pads and acrylic resin for oral and systemic Candida isolates. Statistical analysis was performed using a Student t-test. Killing of G. mellonella by oral and systemic Candida isolates The virulence of Candida isolates in the G. mellonella model

was dependent on the species studied. C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis were the most virulent species in G. mellonella (Table 1). Among all Candida strains studied, G. mellonella showed mortality rates of 100% after injection with C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis, 87% with C. lusitaniae, 37% with C. novergensis, 25% with C. krusei, 20% with C. glabrata, and 12% with C. kefyr over a 96 hour period (Figures 3 and 4). Of note is that, selleckchem all isolates of C. albicans, including strains sensitive and resistant to fluconazole, presented the same virulence in G. mellonella with a medium time to mortality of 18 to 24 hours (Table 1). Figure 3 Killing of G. mellonella larvae by oral (blue lines) and systemic (red lines) isolates of Candida. Comparison of killing curves by Log-rank test: a) strains of C. albicans 6-phosphogluconolactonase (P = 0.372); b) strains of C. tropicalis (P = 0.914); c) strains of C. parapsilosis (P = 0.661); d) strains of C. glabrata (P = 0.006). Injections with PBS were used as a control group. Figure 4 Killing of G. mellonella larvae by isolates of C. dubliniensis, C. lusitaniae, C. norvegensis,

C. krusei , and C. kefyr. Injections with PBS were used as a control group. The virulence between oral and systemic Candida isolates was compared according to each species of Candida. The results of survival of G. mellonella larvae showed no statistically significant difference between oral and systemic isolates of C. albicans (P = 0.372, Figure 3a), C. tropicalis (P = 0.914, Figure 3b), and C. parapsilosis (P = 0.661, Figure 3c). For C. glabrata, a statistically significant difference was observed between the strains CGL002 and CGL003 (P = 0.003), CGL002 and 45 (P = 0.007), CGL003 and 12S (P = 0.049), CGL003 and 55 (P = 0.024), 45 and 55 (P = 0.033), showing the occurrence of variation in virulence between strains of C. glabrata for both the oral isolates and the systemic isolates (Figure 3d). Discussion In this study we compared the pathogenicity of oral and systemic Candida isolates.