Bibliography 1. Perna A, et al. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;44:385–401. (Level 1)   2. Ponticelli C, et al. J Am Soc

Nephrol. 1998;9:444–50. (Level 2)   3. Jha V, et al. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:1899–904. (Level 2)   4. Hofstra JM, et al. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:3534–8. (Level 4)   5. Naumovic R, et al. Biomed Pharmacother. 2010;64:633–8. (Level 4)   6. Shiiki H, et al. Kidney Int. 2004;65:1400–7. selleck products (Level 4)   7. Eriguchi M, et al. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:3082–8. (Level 4)   Is warfarin recommended for preventing thrombosis in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy? In nephrotic syndrome, a thromboembolic event is likely to occur because of an increased level of prothrombotic factors and decreased

activity of the fibrinolytic system. In a large retrospective cohort study conducted in the US and Netherlands, a high incidence of thromboembolic events was reported in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia click here were predictive factors for the development of venous thrombosis. Membranous nephropathy was the leading cause of renal vein thrombosis. Markov model analysis using a hypothetical incidence of thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events suggested that preventive anticoagulation using warfarin decreased the incidence of thromboembolic events and prolonged life expectancy in patients with membranous nephropathy. In nephrotic membranous nephropathy, the administration of warfarin therapy should be determined individually considering the patient’s past history of thromboembolic events and degree of hypoalbuminemia. Bibliography 1. Kayali F, et al. Am J Med. 2008;121:226–30. (Level 4)   2. Mahmoodi BK, et al. Circulation. 2008;117:224–30. (Level 4)   3. Cherng SC, et al. Clin Nucl Med. 2000;25:167–72. (Level 4)   4. Singhal R, et al. Thromb Res. 2006;118:397–407. (Level 4)   5. Bellomo R,

et al. Nephron. 1993;63:240–1. (Level 4)   6. Sarasin FP, et al. Kidney Int. 1994;45:578–85. (Level 4)   Are statins recommended for improving EPZ5676 price dyslipidemia in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy? Dyslipidemia in nephrotic syndrome is an important risk factor for the development of CVD, as well as for the progression of renal dysfunction. Several studies have reported on the efficacy and safety of statins for dyslipidemia enough in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Association between statin use and a lower risk of venous thromboembolism or improvement of endothelial function has been reported. Because more than 50 % of idiopathic membranous nephropathy cases in Japan develop at 65 years of age or older, their CVD risk is high. Therefore, the administration of statin is expected to prevent the development of CVD. The target values of LDL-cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol should be less than 120 and 150 mg/dl, respectively. Bibliography 1. Rayner BL, et al. Clin Nephrol. 1996;46:219–24. (Level 3)   2. Fuiano G, et al. Nephron. 1996;73:430–5.