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“A simple method is described for using principal component analysis (PCA) to score rat sleep recordings as awake, rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, or non-REM (NREM) sleep. PCA was used to reduce the dimensionality of the features extracted from each epoch to three, and the projections were then graphed in a scatterplot where the EPZ004777 supplier clusters were visually apparent. The clusters were then directly manually selected, classifying the entire recording at once. The method was tested in a set of ten 24-h rat sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) recordings. Classifications by two human raters performing traditional epoch-by-epoch scoring

were blindly compared with classifications by another two human raters using the new PCA method. Overall inter-rater median percent agreements ranged between 93.7% and 94.9%. Median Cohen’s kappa coefficient ranged from 0.890 to 0.909. The PCA method on average required about

5 min for classification of each 24-h recording. The combination of good accuracy and reduced time compared to traditional sleep scoring suggests that the method may be useful for sleep research. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vectors transduce rhesus blood cells poorly due to a species-specific block by TRIM5 alpha and APOBEC3G, which target HIV-1 capsid CBL0137 in vivo and viral infectivity factor (Vif), respectively. We sought to develop a lentiviral vector capable of transducing both human and rhesus blood cells by combining components of both HIV-1 and Endodeoxyribonuclease simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), including SIV capsid (sCA) and SIV Vif. A chimeric HIV-1 vector including sCA (chi HIV) was superior to the conventional

SIV in transducing a human blood cell line and superior to the conventional HIV-1 vector in transducing a rhesus blood cell line. Among human CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), the chi HIV and HIV-1 vectors showed similar transduction efficiencies; in rhesus CD34(+) HSCs, the chi HIV vector yielded superior transduction rates. In in vivo competitive repopulation experiments with two rhesus macaques, the chi HIV vector demonstrated superior marking levels over the conventional HIV-1 vector in all blood lineages (first rhesus, 15 to 30% versus 1 to 5%; second rhesus, 7 to 15% versus 0.5 to 2%, respectively) 3 to 7 months postinfusion. In summary, we have developed an HIV-1-based lentiviral vector system that should allow comprehensive preclinical testing of HIV-1-based therapeutic vectors in the rhesus macaque model with eventual clinical application.”
“Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children is characterized by elevated levels of slow wave activity and reduced fast wave activity in resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG). In adults with ADHD, resting-state EEG findings are scarce and inconsistent.