Dr. Gary Monheit is a consultant and clinical investigator for Allergan, Galderma, Medicis, Merz Pharmaceuticals, and Revance Therapeutics. Funding for editorial support was provided by Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA. Writing and editorial assistance was provided by Paula G. Davis, PhD, of Health Learning Systems, Parsippany, NJ. The authors received research grant support from Allergan, Inc. for this study and for manuscript preparation.”
“This research compared delay discounting in mothers

and their children(12 or 13 years of age). Half of the mothers(n selleck kinase inhibitor = 15) were current smokers, and the other half (n = 15) reported never smoking. Considerable research has shown that adult smokers discount more by delay than nonsmokers, and that parent smoking is a risk factor for adolescent smoking. Thus, it was hypothesized that the mothers who smoked Would discount more by delay than the mothers who had never smoked. Also, it was expected that children at increased risk for smoking (i.e., mother is smoker) would discount more by delay than children at lower risk for smoking (i.e., mother is nonsmoker). The results PFTα chemical structure confirmed these hypotheses: mothers who smoked discounted significantly more than nonsmoking mothers: and, in a parallel fashion, children with mothers who smoked discounted significantly more than children of nonsmokers. These findings indicate

that delay discounting may be a behavioral risk factor for adolescent cigarette smoking that predates any substantial use of nicotine. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND

Use of botulinum toxin for esthetic purposes has rapidly expanded over the last 20 years. IncobotulinumtoxinA, also known as NT 201, is a new botulinum toxin type A (150 kDa) that is free from complexing

proteins.

OBJECTIVES

A prospective, multicenter, randomized, rater- and patient-blind, international Phase III trial to investigate the noninferiority of incobotulinumtoxinA to see more another botulinum toxin type A, onabotulinumtoxinA, in the treatment of glabellar frown lines.

METHODS

A total of 381 patients were randomized in a 3:1 (incobotulinumtoxinA:onabotulinumtoxinA) ratio to receive 24 U incobotulinumtoxinA of or onabotulinumtoxinA. Efficacy end points included the percentage of responders (patients with an improvement of >= 1 point on a 4-point facial wrinkle scale) at maximum frown at weeks 4 and 12 as assessed by the investigators, and a panel of independent raters based on standardized digital photographs.

RESULTS

Four weeks after injection, response rates at maximum frown were 96.4% in the incobotulinumtoxinA group and 95.7% in the onabotulinumtoxinA group as assessed by independent raters. Analysis of the data confirmed the noninferiority of incobotulinumtoxinA. Response rates at rest were lower for both products. The rate of adverse events was low.