METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 298 patients with CADR admitted to a tertiary dermatology ward in Cape Town, South Africa.

RESULTS: TB-associated CADR was diagnosed in 65 of 298 patients. Of these, 60/65 (92%) were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected (median CD4 count 107 cells/mm(3)). Anti-tuberculosis drugs were reintroduced in 46/65 (71%) patients, of whom 23/46 (50%) developed re-introduction selleck reactions. The most frequent re-introduction reactions were itch in 11/23 (48%) and hepatitis in 9/23 (39%) patients. Of the 23 re-introduction reactions, 13 (57%) were mild, six (26%) moderate and four (26%) severe. Among those with reintroduction reactions, rifampicin (RMP)

was the offending drug in 13/23 (57%), isoniazid in 5/23(22%), pyrazinamide in 3/23 (13%), and ethambutol, streptomycin and ofloxacin each in 1/23 (4%) cases. Lack of previous TB treatment and re-challenge with RMP were independently associated with the likelihood of reintroduction reactions.

CONCLUSIONS: In this high TB burden setting, although re-introduction reactions are common, the majority are non-life-threatening. All first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs can cause CADR, and RMP is more commonly implicated than previously reported. These data guide the management of anti-tuberculosis drug-associated CADR

in high HIV prevalence settings.”
“In spite of the general concept that herbal supplements are safe, there is a selleck products lack of appropriate quality control measures and regulations that often culminates in serious undesirable effects such as allergic reactions and renal and liver damage. Thus, there is a growing need to establish a suitable methodology that enables authentication and quality assurance of herbal

products. The root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae), commonly called ginseng, is traditionally recognized as a prominent herbal medicine in Far East Asia. There are two SIS3 in vivo types of processed ginseng, white and red ginseng, based on processing methods, and these play a significant role in modifying ginsenosides, which are the major bioactive metabolites in these products. Herein we purify and characterize a new ginsenoside, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rf, utilizing NMR, UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS and validate the metabolite is generated from its epimer, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rf during the steaming process to manufacture red ginseng. We further propose a relevant mechanism for the chemical conversion. This finding updates chemical profiling of ginseng products that can be employed in quality assurance and authentication. (C) 2013 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: To our knowledge, there has been no prospective study on the results of arthroscopic repair of superior labrum-biceps anchor complex (SLAP) tears with use of modern techniques.