1, p < 0.001) and urine osmolality (F = 7.4, p = 0.009) significantly decreased from pre to post exercise (mean weight loss of 0.4 ± 0.1 kg; mean osmolality decrease of 111.6 ± 92.6 mOsmol.kg-1), although find more this effect was not moderated by experimental condition for either body mass (F = 0.9, p = 0.42) or urine osmolality (F = 0.08, p = 0.92). On average, the heart rate changed by 15 bpm over the 90 min (95% CI = 11 to 19, t = 8.3, p < 0.001), which was not significantly

different between buy Alvocidib conditions (F = 0.6, p = 0.58). Heart rate, however, exhibited a significant quadratic response profile (F = 14.8, p < 0.001), which was moderated by condition (F = 3.1, p = 0.048). The quadratic effect was more

pronounced in the CHO-PRO condition compared to the CHO condition (t = 2.4, p = 0.015). Mean heart rate for CHO was significantly and consistently lower than in the CHO-PRO (mean difference = 4 bpm; 95% CI = 1 to 7; t = 2.5, p = 0.021). There were no significant differences between CHO and CHO-PRO-PEP (mean difference = 2 bpm; 95% CI = −1 to 5; t = 1.6, p = 0.13) and between CHO-PRO and CHO-PRO-PEP (mean difference = 1 bpm; 95% CI = −2 to 4; t = 0.9, p = 0.37). The VO2 increased by approximately RG7112 0.2 L · min-1 over the 90 min (F = 6.1, p < 0.001), but there were no significant differences between conditions, either as a main effect (F = 0.07, p = 0.94), or as an interaction with time (F = 0.8, p = 0.67). A main effect for time was observed Figure 1 Presented are the calculated respiratory exchange selleck chemicals ratios (RER) over the 90 minute cycling time-course of

15–20, 20–30, 35–45, 50–60, 65–75 and 80–90 minutes for each of the three experimental conditions. for RER (F = 14.0, p < 0.001), where the RER decreased by an average of 0.035 units over the 90 min (95% CI = 0.015 to 0.054, t = 3.4, p = 0.001) and this decrease was relatively consistent across conditions (F = 0.6, p = 0.54). The main effect for condition was statistically significant (F = 14.2, p < 0.001), where the RER in the CHO-PRO condition was consistently higher than in the CHO (mean difference = 0.028, 95% CI = 0.015 to 0.041, t = 4.2, p < 0.001) and CHO-PRO-PEP (mean difference = 0.030, 95% CI = 0.017 to 0.043, t = 4.4, p < 0.001) conditions (Figure 1). The RER in the CHO and CHO-PRO-PEP conditions were extremely similar (mean difference = 0.0015, 95% CI = −0.012 to 0.015, t = 0.2, p = 0.82, Figure 1). Table 2 indicates the mean blood glucose, blood lactate and RPE responses over the 90 min cycling bout for each of the experimental conditions. There was a significant main effect of time for blood glucose (F = 19.7, p < 0.001), where the blood glucose decreased by an average of 0.3 mM over the 90 min (95% CI = 0.2 to 0.5, t = 4.0, p < 0.