2013). Many populations of these species have been exploited to local extirpation (Luo et al. 2003). For example, Dendrobium catenatum, known as 铁皮石斛 (pronounced as Tie Pi Shi Hu) in Chinese, is one of the most popular TCM herbs both in prescribed medicine and as a health food supplement (The State Pharmacopoeia Commission of P. R. China 2010). It is usually consumed directly as tea or mixed in soup. Its popularity started as tonic for traditional vocal artists to protect their voices and its use extended to cancer prevention and cure, as a boost to the

immune system, and for other illnesses (The State Pharmacopoeia Commission of P. R. China 2010; Ng et al. 2012). Wild populations of D. catenatum have declined rapidly due to overexploitation, as China’s human population and purchasing power increased (Ding et al. 2009; Liu et al. 2011; Luo et al. 2013a). Known remaining populations of D. catenatum are small and sparsely this website distributed (Ding et al. 2008, 2009; Luo et al. 2013b). Several pockets of orchids that were under investigation suffer from extremely low pollinator visitation and fruit set, likely the result of too small a flowering display, with only a small number of open flowers in

a given area in any given day during the flowering season (He et al. 2009). In fact, more than 50 % of the 78 (14 endemic) Chinese species of Dendrobium (Zhu et al. 2009) are used in TCM for varying health purposes (Bao et al. 2001). Modern market demand for wild Dendrobium in China, many of which have showy flowers, is mostly for TCM. On the national scale, trade volume of medicinal Dendrobium spp. reached 600,000 kg check details fresh weight annually in the 1980s in China, all wild gathered (Bao et al. 2001), which has since declined due to exhaustion of natural populations. This phenomenon is also documented in tuclazepam the limestone regions of Guizhou and Guangxi that constitute the main traditional Dendrobium trading posts of China. In these regions, the trade volumes of several county level markets reached 10,000–40,000 kg each, annually in the 1980s and 1990s (Luo et al. 2013b; Editorial Board of Biodiversity

in the Karst Area of Southwest Guangxi 2011). P5091 chemical structure However, no large volume trade has been recorded in any of these markets in the late 2000s, and wild Dendrobium plants available in recent years have largely come from neighboring Vietnam and Laos (Editorial Board of Biodiversity in the Karst Area of Southwest Guangxi 2011). So this insatiable market demand has decimated accessible Dendrobium resources in China, and has started to impact wild populations in neighboring countries (Bao et al. 2001; Editorial Board of Biodiversity in the Karst Area of Southwest Guangxi 2011; Fig. 1a). This is also the case with many high profile medicinal plants and wildlife species (Zhang et al. 2008; Rosen and Smith 2010; Heinen and Shrestha-Acharya 2011; Dongol and Heinen 2012). Fig.