36 56     S sums of squares, D.f. degrees of freedom Fig. 3 The mean species richness of epiphytic

liverworts (light grey) and mosses (dark grey) per zone in the investigated canopy trees (zones Z1–Z5) and understorey trees (zones U1–U3). Different letters indicate significant differences based on Tukey HSD post-tests and horizontal bars indicate standard errors Species composition Lejeuneaceae (liverworts) was the most species-rich family, representing 37% of all bryophyte species recorded, followed by Plagiochilaceae GSK458 solubility dmso (9%, also liverworts), Neckeraceae (6%, mosses), and Frullaniaceae, Hookeriaceae and Meteoriaceae (5% each). Fourty-eight percent of species were only found on canopy trees, with 3% restricted to trunks (none exclusive to zone Z1) and 18% to tree crowns. Eleven percent of all species were exclusively found on young trees in the forest understorey. The first two dimensions of the multidimensional scaling of the Sørensen’s similarity index reduced more than 77% of the raw stress with stress values below 0.20. Within understorey trees, species composition did not differ between zones (Table 2). Here, species assemblages were also similar to those on zones 1 and 2 of canopy trees (Table 2). Table 2 The R values of the results of analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) after a multidimensional scaling of Sørensen’s index calculated for pairwise comparisons of epiphytic bryophytes

in different Pazopanib solubility dmso tree zones in the investigated understorey trees (zones U1 to U3) and canopy trees (zones Z1 to Z5) Groups U1 U2 U3 SB202190 chemical structure Z1 Z2a Z2b Z3 Z4 Z5 U1                   U2 0.22                 U3 0.10 0.07               Z1 0.17 0.04 0.10             Z2a 0.21 0.15

0.17 0.14           Z2b 0.35 0.65 0.23 0.24 0.24         Z3 0.34 0.54 0.14 0.19 0.03 0.19       Z4 0.48 0.65 0.22 0.27 0.35 0.18 0.21     Z5 0.39 0.39 0.16 0.29 0.09 0.32 0.29 0.02   Bold values indicate significant differences Within canopy trees, the ANOSIM results showed significant composition dissimilarity between Z1 and Z3, Z4 and Z5 (Table 2). Thus, epiphytic bryophyte assemblages in the study sites can be divided in two groups, those on understorey trees (U1, U2, U3) and in zone 1 of canopy trees, and those in the crowns of canopy trees (Z3, Z4, Z5). Zones 2a and 2b form a transition zone between the understorey and the canopy in terms of bryophyte composition. Life forms Seventy percent of all collected AZD1152 bryophytes species were smooth mats (47%) or wefts (23%); species belonging to these categories occurred on all sampled trees. Other life forms each included less than 10% of all species (Fig. 4). The richness of pendants, mats, short turfs, tails and wefts did not differ between zones. However, dendroids and fans were significantly most numerous in the forest understorey, whereas tall turfs occurred only in the forest canopy layer. Fig.