…….. 5′-CAGATCTCTGGAAAACGGGAAAGG PF-1 ……… 5′-AGAGAACACAGATTTAGCCCAGTCGG PF-2 ……… 5′-CCGCACGATGAAGAGCAGAAGTTAT PF-3 ……… 5′-GATCCTGGAAAACGGGAAAGGTTC TH12-2F1 ……… 5′-GATGGTGAAATTGGCAGAAAC TH12-2F2 ……… 5′-GGACATTAGTCCGGTTTGTTG TH12-2R1 ……… 5′-CAACAAACCGGACTAATGTCC TH12-2R2 ……… 5′-GTTTCTGCCAATTTCACCATC N-1 ……… 5′-NGTCGA(G/C)(A/T)GANA(A/T)GAA

N-2 ……… 5′-GTNCGA(C/G)(A/T)CANA(A/T)GTT N-3 ……… Ro 61-8048 nmr 5′-(A/T)GTGNAG(A/T)ANCANAGA P-3 ……… 5′-CTCGACGTTGTCACTGAAGCGGGAAG P-4 ……… 5′-AAAGCACGAGGAAGCGGTCAGCCCAT DY-SR1 ……… 5′-GAAATCGATCACCGCCTTCACAC DY-SF1 ……… 5′-AAAGAATTCTTCAGTCGCGTTG flhA-sen ……… 5′-TCACTCAACGTTGCATCTAC flhA-anti ……… 5′-CAAGATGTTGGCCAACAGATG fliC-sen ……… 5′-TCGGTGCGAATGATGGTG fliC-anti ……… 5′-AACGCAGCAGTGACAGC fliC-Fu-sen ……… 5′-TGGTTTTATCCACGACTCAC fliC-Fu-anti ……… 5′-ATGCAGCAGGATCCAGAAC flhA-Fu-sen ……… 5′-TCACTCAAGCTTGCATCTAC flhA-Fu-anti ……… 5′-CGGATTGTCGACTAGCTGG a All primers were purchased from MDE Bio Inc., Taipei, Taiwan TAIL-PCR products were sequenced using an ABI PRISM Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Cycle sequencing was carried out in a GeneAmp System 9600 thermocycler (Applied Biosystems). Sequencing was carried out according to buy CX-5461 the manufacturer’s protocol

using an ABI 373S automated DNA sequencer 373S (Applied Biosystems). Southern and colony hybridizations, probe labeling, and detection were performed by using a DIG DNA Labeling and Detection kit (Boehringer Mannheim PRKD3 GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) as described

by the manufacturer. Hybridization was performed overnight, and the membrane was washed according to the recommendations of the manufacturer. DNA electrophoresis, restriction digest, ligation, and transformation procedures for E. coli were performed as previously described [24]. Plasmid DNA transformation for Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum was performed using two previously described methods [26, 27] following an incubation at 35°C until the optical density (550 nm) of the culture was 0.40 to 0.55. Subcloning of flhD/C DNA from H-rif-8-6 The DNA fragment of flhD/C was amplified by PCR from H-rif-8-6 using oligonucleotide primers DY-SF1 and DY-SR1. The flhD/C DNA containing product was digested with restriction enzymes ClaI and EcoRI and subcloned into plasmid pBR322. The new plasmid was designated pBYL2DC. One hundred transformed colonies were isolated using selective LB agar containing 100 μg/ml of ampicillin after the transfer of pBYL2DC into E. coli DH05. The presence of the flhD/C DNA was detected by colony hybridization using flhD/C DNA probes and electrophoresis after digestion with ClaI and EcoRI to yield the expected 1.3-Kb DNA fragment bearing flhD/C. The pBYL2DC DNA was isolated from DH05/pBYL2DC and transferred into the insertion mutants of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum TH12-2.