5 (Figures 1A and 1B). At E9.5, Pou3f4 expression in the presumptive mesenchyme is not detectable (Figure 1A); however, at E10.5, small patches of Pou3f4-expressing mesenchyme cells emerge adjacent to the cvg buy Luminespib (Figure 1B, see arrows). By E12.5, when the auditory and vestibular components of the inner ear have diverged (Koundakjian et al., 2007), Pou3f4 is detectable in all compartments of the otic mesenchyme (Figure 1C).

At this stage, neural crest-derived Schwann cells infiltrate the ganglia, and SGNs begin to project peripheral axons toward the prosensory domain located within the cochlear epithelium (Carney and Silver, 1983). At these early stages, Pou3f4 is detectable in otic mesenchyme cells, but not in neurons, glia, or epithelia. Moreover, Pou3f4-expressing mesenchyme cells appear to make direct contact with the distal ends of the SGN peripheral axons (Figure 1C,

arrowheads) in regions where Schwann cells have not yet arrived. At E16.5, SGN peripheral axon outgrowth continues along the length of the cochlea as the otic mesenchyme (om) population expands to form the future osseous spiral lamina and spiral limbus (osl and sl, respectively; Figures 1D and 1E). The adult osl consists of bony plates that surround the SGN axons, and the sl is a thickened periosteum. At E15.5–E16.5, radial bundles form concurrently with the appearance of bands of mesenchyme cells located between SGN peripheral axons (as in Figure 2G, asterisks). By P2, Pou3f4-positive mesenchyme selleck compound PDK4 cells segregate from extending SGN axons, with clearly visible boundaries (Figure 1E). Occasional Pou3f4-positive cells were observed within the somal layer of the spiral ganglion (Figure 1E), but these cells were not

positive for either Tuj1 or Sox10, suggesting that they are mesenchyme cells that have interspersed the ganglion during development (arrows in Figures 1E and 1F). In whole mount at E17.5, the segregation of the peripheral axons and the otic mesenchyme is dramatic: groups of ∼50–100 axons fasciculate to form relatively evenly spaced inner radial bundles along the length of the cochlea (Figures 1G–1I). Higher-magnification images show how axons travel in areas that are devoid of Pou3f4 and rarely cross between bundles (Figures 1J–1O). Previously, Pou3f4 mutants were shown to have variable levels of hypoplasia of the otic mesenchyme and severe hearing impairment ( Minowa et al., 1999 and Phippard et al., 1999). Therefore, we hypothesized that if SGN fasciculation and otic mesenchyme organization are interdependent, then inner radial bundle formation may require Pou3f4. To test this hypothesis, we compared radial bundle development in whole-mount preparations of Pou3f4y/+ and Pou3f4y/− cochleae ( Figures 2A–2H). At E17.5, Pou3f4y/+ cochleae contained dense, well-organized fascicles that projected directly from the SGN soma to the cochlear epithelium ( Figures 2A–2C).