A similarly difficult challenge is the appropriate selection of mathematical representations for the governing processes within the system. In this project, we focus primarily on the metabolic level of the heat stress response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The advantages of this slice of the biological hierarchy are the following. First, the set of participating metabolites is reasonably contained in size: It consists of only about a dozen metabolites. Second, much, although not all, is known about the regulatory mechanisms affecting the system.

Third, at the protein level, only about thirty enzymes, transporters, transcription factors and other proteins are involved and these proteins #kinase inhibitor Enzalutamide keyword# are encoded by a corresponding number of genes. Thus, the pertinent set of contributors, while being too large for purely intuitive argumentation, is Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical manageable with computational means. 2. Cellular Responses to Heat Stress Throughout evolution, recurring changes in environmental conditions have forced organisms to develop strategies Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for maintaining a reasonably well-buffered intracellular milieu, which is characterized by a self-regulated steady state and collectively referred to as homeostasis. The strategies for maintaining homeostasis consist of finely coordinated combinations of short-term or long-term adjustments in the cellular

state at different levels of the biological hierarchy. The adjustments themselves Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical tend to depend in magnitude on the degree of stress and are typically transient in nature. Thus, cells subjected to more pronounced stresses respond with higher magnitudes and/or longer lasting adjustments. However, once adapted to the stress situation, gene expression and protein levels tend to settle into a new steady state, which is often remarkably similar to the initial,

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical pre-stress steady-state. Temperature is an interesting stressor as it occurs frequently in nature, is well characterized, and can change rather quickly. It mainly affects two cellular components directly, Batimastat namely lipids and proteins. DNA is prone to heat-induced denaturation as well, but this effect is of minor relevance for heat stress studies in yeast, because it occurs only at much higher temperatures of about 75–100 °C [2]. Temperature can, however, contribute to increased damage to the DNA molecule, due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) [3]. Lipids are affected by heat with respect to their product information stiffness and mobility, which in turn modifies the fluidity of membranes and possibly their proper functioning [4]. However, the exact consequences of heat-induced changes on membrane function are not well understood. Among the various classes of macromolecules, proteins are thus the main facilitators and conduits of a coordinated stress response.