A sub-lethal 1.7 mg/kg venom concentration (0.5 ml) was administered intra-peritoneally selleck chemicals (i.p.) to P14 and adult rats while control rats were given the same volume of vehicle (0.9% sterile saline) (Mendonça et al., 2012). Animals were anesthetized with 2 μg/mg body weight of a 3:1 mixture of ketamine chloride (100 mg/kg body weigth, Dopalen®) and xylazine chloride (10 mg/kg body weight, Anasedan®) (both from Fortvale, Valinhos, SP, Brazil) and euthanized at 2 h, 5 h and 24 h (n = 5/time interval) after. This study was approved by the institution’s Committee for Ethics in Animal Use (CEUA-Unicamp, protocol no. 2405-1) which follows the Brazilian Society for Laboratory Animal

Science (SBCAL) guidelines. After anesthesia, the animals were perfused through the left ventricle with physiological saline (150 ml) followed by 250 ml of 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4. Then cerebella were immediately removed and post-fixed in the same fixative overnight. They were then dehydrated through an ascending ethanol series, cleared in xylene and embedded in paraffin (Paraplast®, Sigma Aldrich, selleck chemical St. Louis, MO, USA). Sections (5 μm thick)

were mounted onto subbed glass slides followed by a process of dewaxing using xylene and ethanol baths. Endogenous peroxidase was blocked by incubation with 3% hydrogen peroxide-containing PBS (20 min). Antigen epitope retrieval was performed by pre-treating the sections with 10 mM citrate buffer, pH 6.0 at 95–99 °C for 30 min. Sections were immunostained using primary antibodies against Aquaporin-4 (1:1000, rabbit polyclonal, Sigma–Aldrich) and GFAP (1:100, rabbit Dapagliflozin polyclonal, Dako Cytomation, CA, USA) overnight at 4 °C in a humidified chamber. The next day (after 16–18 h incubation), slides were washed in 0.05 M PBS, and then incubated for 30 min with the secondary antibody (EnVision™ HRP

link, Dako Cytomation). Immunoreactivity was visualized as a brown color after staining with diaminobenzidine (DAB) (Dako Cytomation). Nuclei counterstaining was carried out with Harris’s hematoxylin; after dehydration the slides were mounted in Canada balsam. For negative controls the primary antibody was replaced with 1% PBS-bovine serum albumin (BSA). To minimize rat-to-rat variability, all cerebella were processed simultaneously as were the immunohistochemistry of tissue sections of controls and PNV-treated animals. Fifteen digital photomicrographs of the white matter, granular, molecular and Purkinje layers (n = 3/region) were taken from control and PNV-treated animals per time interval (n = 5/time interval) using the 20× objective under an identical illumination setting. Images with a 200× final magnification were stored using a BX51Olympus light microscope (Japan). The quantification of AQP4 and GFAP immunolabeling was measured using the GIMP 2.6.