Additionally, intraspinal delivery of ChABC to the cervical spinal cord enlargement modified the ECM to promote plasticity of spinal reflexes and functional recovery after crossed reinnervation of forelimb peripheral nerves in adult rats [253,254]. Following spared dorsal column or dorsal root MI-503 manufacturer injuries ChABC application via two brainstem injections [255] or a single injection of ChABC into the spinal cord [256] resulted in compensatory expansion of primary afferent terminal fields associated with sprouting of sensory projections [255] and functional recovery

of the denervated forelimb [256]. Additionally, ICV ChABC infusion following unilateral pyramidotomy promoted midline crossing of spared CST fibres and functional recovery of the partially denervated forepaw [257]. Similar effects of ChABC on promoting CST midline crossing were observed in an experimental stroke model, whereby injection of ChABC into the cervical spinal cord of elderly rats 3 days after focal ischemic Tigecycline chemical structure stroke induced plasticity of forelimb sensorimotor spinal circuitry and promoted neuroanatomical and functional recovery [258]. In a different brain system, ChABC injections into the amygdala have revealed CSPG rich PNNs within the ECM to be important in formation of erasure-resistant

fear-conditioning memories, where the application of ChABC rendered them modifiable [122]. Furthermore, ChABC administration to the perirhinal cortex has been shown to facilitate long-term depression (LTD)

and to enhance long-term object recognition [123]. By means of in vivo and in vitro two-photon imaging and electrophysiology, a recent study found that after enzymatic digestion of CSPGs in the adult brain, cortical spines become more motile and display a larger degree of structural and functional plasticity [259]; a phenomenon also observed via live-imaging of organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, paralleled by Phosphoglycerate kinase activation of β1-integrins and phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase at synaptic sites [260]. Indeed following a controlled cortical impact TBI ChABC was shown to enhance cortical map plasticity and increase functionally active sprouting axons [261]. Plasticity at a synaptic level is also conferred by ChABC, demonstrated by in vivo ChABC digestion of PNNs in rat hippocampal neurones, shown to influence mobility, and therefore accessibility, of receptor populations to the synapse [262]. However, despite anatomical reorganization following ChABC treatment of the visual cortex, ambylyopia symptoms induced by monocular deprivation could not be functionally reduced [263].