An allele-specific real-time PCR (AS Kinetic PCR) method was developed to interrogate these high-D SNPs [29]. SNP interrogation is an efficient means of classifying E. faecalis and E. faecium into groups that are concordant #Selleck MK-8931 randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# with the population structure of these organisms [29]. In this study we have applied this rapid SNP genotyping method to determine the diversity of enterococci in the Coomera River, South East Queensland, Australia
over a period of two years and also investigated the antibiotic resistance determinants associated with E. faecalis and E. faecium SNP genotypes. Methods Study site The Pimpama-Coomera watershed is located in South East Queensland, Australia and is used intensively for agriculture and
recreational purposes and has a strong anthropogenic impact. The main water source is the Coomera River, which flows for 90 km from its headwaters in the Lamington National Park. The upper reaches of the river passes through mainly rural areas {Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|buy Anti-infection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library ic50|Anti-infection Compound Library price|Anti-infection Compound Library cost|Anti-infection Compound Library solubility dmso|Anti-infection Compound Library purchase|Anti-infection Compound Library manufacturer|Anti-infection Compound Library research buy|Anti-infection Compound Library order|Anti-infection Compound Library mouse|Anti-infection Compound Library chemical structure|Anti-infection Compound Library mw|Anti-infection Compound Library molecular weight|Anti-infection Compound Library datasheet|Anti-infection Compound Library supplier|Anti-infection Compound Library in vitro|Anti-infection Compound Library cell line|Anti-infection Compound Library concentration|Anti-infection Compound Library nmr|Anti-infection Compound Library in vivo|Anti-infection Compound Library clinical trial|Anti-infection Compound Library cell assay|Anti-infection Compound Library screening|Anti-infection Compound Library high throughput|buy Antiinfection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library ic50|Antiinfection Compound Library price|Antiinfection Compound Library cost|Antiinfection Compound Library solubility dmso|Antiinfection Compound Library purchase|Antiinfection Compound Library manufacturer|Antiinfection Compound Library research buy|Antiinfection Compound Library order|Antiinfection Compound Library chemical structure|Antiinfection Compound Library datasheet|Antiinfection Compound Library supplier|Antiinfection Compound Library in vitro|Antiinfection Compound Library cell line|Antiinfection Compound Library concentration|Antiinfection Compound Library clinical trial|Antiinfection Compound Library cell assay|Antiinfection Compound Library screening|Antiinfection Compound Library high throughput|Anti-infection Compound high throughput screening| comprising crops and cattle grazing. In the middle to lower reaches, land uses include farming and cropping. In the 1970s and 1980s the river was widened 20 km upstream from the mouth as a consequence of sand and gravel extraction operations. The lower reaches of the Coomera River passes through highly developed areas including canal estates such as Santa Barbara, Hope Island, Sanctuary Cove and the Coomera Mooring Marina. Most of the sewage system collection is gravity fed and follows natural catchment drainage lines until the wastewater is treated at the central treatment plant. After treatment, the water is released into the Gold Coast Seaway located ifoxetine south of the Coomera River estuary. Despite the existence of such an effective treatment system, high numbers of coliforms were observed over a long period of time in the
estuary. Sampling Environmental water samples were collected during four seasonal trips at the same time each day from six designated sites of the Coomera River, from May 2008 to July 2009. Hot-spots selected for sampling included: Coomera Marina (C1), Santa Barbara (C2), Sanctuary Cove (C3), Jabiru Island (C4), Paradise Point (C5) and Coombabah (C6). These sites were suggested by the Gold Coast City Council as being problematic sites with a history of high numbers of faecal coliforms. The positions of these sampling sites are shown in Figure 1. The exact location and characteristics of sampling sites are summarised in Table 1. Figure 1 Water sampling sites along the Coomera River, South-East Queensland, Australia.