Both calcium and phosphorous contents were measured in μg/ml. In addition to the mineral dissolution investigation, intrapulpal temperature measurements were taken. For this purpose, 20 freshly extracted human third molars were obtained. The pulpal tissue Alectinib cost was removed and the root canals were enlarged up to an ISO 80 size with K-files. Measuring sensors (NiCr–Ni, Greisinger, Germany) were inserted into the

pulp chamber through the root apex and the entire root canal system was filled with a nano thermo-conductive paste (thermal conductivity >4.5 W/m-K, Titan Technology, Taipei Hsien, Taiwan) to enable good contact between the sensor and the tooth. The end of the sensor was placed so that it touched the dentine wall at the closest distance to the irradiation area, and its location was controlled radiographically.23 Temperature changes were recorded with a T202 thermometer (Digitron Instrumentation Ltd., Devon, UK) at mean rate of 1 per second and the accuracy of the measurement was ±0.2 °C. For the irradiation procedures the samples were fixed over a thermal bath with a controlled temperature of GDC-0449 mouse 37.3 °C. The buccal half of the teeth was left exposed to the air and the palatine portion was immersed in water. The irradiation

was performed with the laser handpiece fixed over the samples and with the centre of the beam positioned 1 mm below the enamel–dentine junction. The beam diameter was 2.5 mm and the samples were irradiated Dapagliflozin for 1 s. The laser parameters used were the same as those described above (Table 1), except that the samples were not moved and therefore 10 pulses were overlapped. Temperature measurements started 1 s before the beginning and ended 120 s after the laser irradiation. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) (α = 0.05) and post hoc comparisons with un-paired t-test in order to detect statistically significant differences between the groups. The significance level for the t-test was corrected using the Bonferroni adjustment to 0.003. The mean calcium and phosphorous concentrations for

each group and the differences between the groups are presented in Table 2 and Table 3. In the demineralization solution both calcium and phosphorous losses of groups L11F and GF (fluoride) were statistically significant lower than those in the group receiving no treatment (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, for both calcium and phosphorous). Moreover, group L11F showed statistically significant lower means than the fluoride group (GF) (p < 0.01 for both calcium and phosphorous). The highest percentage of reduction in calcium loss was 15% and was observed for the group irradiated with 11 J/cm2 after the fluoride treatment (L11F). In the remineralization solutions, there was a statistically significant higher amount of phosphorous in groups L11F and GF than in control (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01 respectively).