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Selleckchem LEE011 and analysis on Mars, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 102:1041–1046. E-mail: dangergregoire@yahoo.​fr Testing the Lithopanspermia Theory in the Foton-M3 Mission: Simulation of Interplanetary Transfer and Re-entry Process of Epi- and Endolithic Microbial Communities with the Lithopanspermia Experiment R. de la Torre1, L.G. Sancho2, G. Horneck3, P. Rettberg3, C. Ascaso4, A. de los Ríos4, J. Wierzchos5, J.P. de Vera6, S. Ott6, C. Cockell7, K. Olsson7, J.M. Frías1, R. Demets8 1INTA (Spanish Aerospace Research Establishment); 2UCM (Univ. Complutense Madrid); 3DLR (German Aerospace Research Establishment); 4CSIC (Scientific Research Council); 5UL (Univ. Lérida); 6HHU (Heinrich-Heine Univ.); 7OU (Open Univ.); 8ESA (European Space Agency) AZD1080 solubility dmso The objective

of this experiment was to test experimentally the hypothesis of lithopanspermia, which supports interplanetary transfer of rock inhabiting life by means of meteorites: microorganisms have to survive (1) the impact ejection process from the planet of origin; (2) travelling through space; (3) capture and landing on another planet. In the experiment “Lithopanspermia” on board of the FOTON-M3 satellite (14.09.07) steps 2 and 3 of this scenario have been experimentally tested. We have selected as test systems for step 2 the bipolar epilithic lichen species Rhizocarpon geographicum and Xanthoria elegans on their natural

rock substrate, as well as their fruiting bodies (reproduction structures), the endolithic microbial communities from the Atacama Desert with the cyanobacteria Chroococcidiopsis, the epilithic microbial communities from cliffs in the south-east of the UK with cyanobacterial akinetes of Anabaena, and the vagrant lichen species Aspicilia fruticulosa. Before exposure to outer real space conditions within the BIOPAN-6 facility of ESA, preparatory space simulation studies (UV solar spectrum radiation of and vacuum 10−2 Pa) were eFT508 in vitro performed at the Spasolab-Laboratory of INTA (March–April 2007), to demonstrate the suitability of those lichen species. After flight (10 days exposure to harsh space conditions in low Earth orbit at about 300 km altitude) and recovery, the survival capacity of the microbial communities has been assayed. First analyses have confirmed a fast recovery of the biological activity (chlorophyll a-fluorescence) of the lichen (epilithic and vagrant lichen), similar as the pre-flight activity, comparative to the high survival rates observed in the experiment Lichens onboard of the Foton-M2 mission (de la Torre et al. 2007; Sancho et al., 2007).