chinensis, we collected samples from the galls and leaves of R. chinensis at sites in Mt. Jiri and Mt. Cheonma in Korea between May and December, 2011. Samples were extracted and analyzed gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography quadrupole time-offlight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) to monitor metabolic changes. Multivariate analyses such as principle components analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis

(OPLS-DA) were used to find patterns in metabolite profile changes and the responsible substances for seasonal fluctuations. NVP-AUY922 LC-QTOF-MS analyses showed differences of metabolites in same organisms depending on seasons, locations, and biological interactions. Additional GC-MS analyses

identified approximately 28 metabolites including sugars, amino acids, and organic acids. Shikimic HSP990 acid and gallic acid appear to be the major compounds contributing to the seasonal variability in metabolic profiles of R. chinensis leaves and galls. In addition, we found that shikimic acid and gallic acid content in R. chinensis galls were the highest during wintertime.”
“Undergraduate theses and other capstone research projects are standard features of many science curricula, but participation has typically been limited to only the most advanced and highly motivated students. With the recent push to engage more undergraduates in research, some faculty are finding that their typical approach to working with thesis writers is less effective, given the wider diversity of students, or is inefficient, given the higher participation rates. fit these situations, a more formal process may be needed to ensure that all students are adequately supported and to establish consistency in how student writers are mentored and assessed. To address this need, we created BioTAP, the Biology Thesis Assessment Protocol,

a teaching and assessment tool. see more BioTAP includes a rubric that articulates departmental expectations for the thesis and a guide to the drafting-feedback-revision process that is modeled after the structure of professional scientific peer review In this article we (a) describe BioTAP’s parts and the rationale behind them, (b) present the results of a study of the rubric’s interrater reliability, (c) describe how the development of BioTAP helped us create a faculty learning community, and (d) suggest how other departments and institutions can adapt BioTAP to suit their needs.”
“PURPOSE: In an analysis of four case-control studies of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), we found that yearly frequency of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) and antiepileptic drug (AED) polytherapy were associated with an increased risk for SUDEP. The prior analysis, however, did not evaluate AEDs and GTCS frequency concurrently.