Corrected visual acuity [16], contrast sensitivity [17], and depth perception [18] were measured. Orthostatic hypotension was defined

as a drop in systolic blood pressure of 20 mm Hg or more upon standing from a supine position after 1 min or if the standing systolic blood pressure is 90 or less. Cognitive function was assessed using the short Mini Mental State Examination [19] and impairment scored as <23 of 26 possible. Medications Participants were also asked to bring all of their prescription and nonprescription medications and supplement pills to the clinic. Use of central nervous system (CNS)-active medications at baseline (1986–1988) was obtained by self-report by asking questions focused on indication selleck chemical for use; verification of use was accomplished by inspection of medication containers. Current use of antidepressants, antihistamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, muscle relaxants, and nonbenzodiazepine sedative hypnotics were assessed using two questions

“taken any medications in the past 12 months for https://www.selleckchem.com/products/LY2603618-IC-83.html anxiety or nerves or to relax muscles” and “taken any medications in the past 12 months to help you sleep.” Any use of antiepileptics was assessed using two questions “ever taken medications for seizures” and “what is the name of the drug you used the longest.” All medications taken for seizures (if current use), anxiety or nerves Selleck BAY 11-7082 or to relax and help with sleep were reviewed and categorized by medication class. Physical function Self-reported difficulty (yes/no) on five Instrumental

Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) were recorded: walking two to three blocks, climbing up ten steps, preparing meals, doing heavy household chores, PTK6 and shopping [20]. Isometric hand-grip strength at 90° (Preston Grip Dynamometer; Takei Kiki Kogyo, Tokyo, Japan) was measured using the average of the right and left hands. Standing balance was assessed using a series of three tandem stands (side by side and semi- and full tandem). Each stance was held up to 10 s with eyes open and closed. Women were scored as poor if unable to hold the side by side or semi-tandem, fair if unable to hold the full tandem, and good if able to hold the full tandem. Time to perform five chair stands without using arms was recorded. Walking speed was measured over 6 m at a usual pace. Timed toe-tapping involved ten repetitions between alternating 7.5-cm-diameter circles on the floor spaced 30 cm apart. The number of step-ups completed while grasping a handrail in 10 s was obtained on a 23-cm-high step. Lifestyle Women were queried about smoking and alcohol. Smoking status (e.g.