For the three tested plant species, Brassica oleracea, a feral Brassica population and Sinapis alba, both parasitoid species preferred volatiles from host-infested plants over those produced by undamaged plants. However, both parasitoid species only distinguished between volatiles induced by host and nonhosts when the caterpillars had been

feeding on B. oleracea, the plant on which they had been reared. Chemical analysis of the volatile blends could not explain volatile preferences of the parasitoids. Despite LDN-193189 datasheet the difference in their dietary breadth, the two parasitoids responded similarly to HIPV and experience treatments. A flexible response to a wide array of volatile blends by parasitoids is probably important in nature, given that different generations of the host and the parasitoid probably develop on different food plants. (C) 2012 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by A-1155463 mw Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The presence of preflowering or postflowering drought tolerance has been described in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Sorghum lines with preflowering

drought tolerance tend to senesce under postflowering drought stress while sorghum lines with postflowering drought tolerance (the stay-green trait) tend to be sensitive to preflowering drought stress. Assessments of these phenotypes have been dependent on the incidence of drought stress conditions at specific developmental stages to achieve meaningful evaluation. Therefore, field-based evaluations, most of which are visual, are notoriously difficult to perform and require growing lines in multiple locations across several years to achieve efficient selection for these traits. Here we report and demonstrate a correlation between leaf dhurrin [(S)-p-hydroxymandelonitrile- b-D-glucopyranoside] contents Repotrectinib in vitro and the level of stay-green based on leaf and plant death ratings during postflowering drought stresses. Postflowering drought-tolerant stay-green sorghums had elevated

dhurrin contents while preflowering drought-tolerant sorghum lines exhibited lower dhurrin contents. Lines with intermediate leaf and plant death ratings exhibited intermediate dhurrin levels. Finally, dhurrin levels determined before flowering from sorghum grown under irrigated or dryland conditions were related to the degree of pre- or postflowering drought tolerance.”
“We describe three new species of the Neotropical ant genus Leptanilloides: L. gracilis sp. n. based on workers from Mexico and Guatemala, L. erinys sp. n. based on workers and a gyne from Ecuador, and L. femoralis sp. n. based on workers from Venezuela. The description of L. gracilis is a northern extension of the known range of the genus, now numbering eleven described species. We also describe and discuss three unassociated male morphotypes from Central America.