Hepatocyte viability after isolation was determined by Trypan blue (0.16%) uptake, and initial cell viability in all experiments was more than 85%. Hepatocytes were suspended in Krebs-Henseleit buffer, pH 7.4, containing 12.5 mM Hepes and 0.1% albumin (BSA) and maintained at 4 °C. Cells (1 × 106/mL) were incubated in 25-mL Erlenmeyer flasks kept under constant agitation (30 rpm) at 37 °C Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor under a 95% O2 and 5% CO2 atmosphere. Reactions were initiated by the addition of MCT. Aliquots (0.5 mL) of the suspension were removed from the mixture at appropriate times for the determination of cell death and

biochemical parameters. In some experiments, cells were incubated with 20 mM fructose or 10 mM dithiotreitol (DTT) 15 min before the addition of BAY 73-4506 manufacturer MCT. Oxygen uptake by the isolated hepatocytes was monitored polarographically with an oxygraph equipped

with a Clark-type oxygen electrode (Strathkelvin Instruments Limited, Glasgow, Scotland, UK) at 37 °C. Respiration buffer contained 250 mM sucrose, 2 mM KH2PO4, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.2, 0.5 mM EGTA, 0.5% bovine serum albumin, and 5 mM MgCl2. Cells were treated with 0.002% digitonin, and state 4 and state 3 mitochondrial respiration rates were measured in the presence of 1 μg/mL oligomycin and 2 mM ADP, respectively (Moreadith and Fisckum, 1984). MCT and DHM were added in the medium, immediately after the initiation of state 3 respirations by ADP. Cell viability was assessed by the leakage of alanine transaminase

(ALT) from hepatocytes. Cell suspensions were centrifuged (50 × g for 5 min). ALT in the supernatant was determined using an Alanine Transaminase Activity Assay Kit (Bioclin, Quibasa, Brazil) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Absorbance was measured at 340 nm with a DU-800 spectrophotometer (Beckman Coulter Inc., Fullerton, CA, USA). Enzyme activity in the supernatant is expressed ID-8 as a percentage of the total activity, which was determined by lysing the cells with 0.5% Triton X-100. Cell ATP was determined by means of the firefly luciferin-luciferase assay system. The cell suspension was centrifuged at 50 × g for 5 min at 4 °C, and the pellet containing the hepatocytes was treated with 1 mL of ice-cold 1 M HClO4. After centrifugation at 2000 × g for 10 min at 4 °C, aliquots (100 μL) of the supernatant were neutralized with 70 μL of 2 M KOH, suspended in 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.8 (1 mL final volume), and centrifuged again. Bioluminescence was measured in the supernatant with a Sigma-Aldrich assay kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions using a SIRIUS Luminometer (Berthold, Pforzheim, Germany). The levels of GSH were determined by a fluorimetric reaction with o-phthalaldialdehyde (OPT) (Hissin and Hilf, 1976). The cell suspension was treated with 0.2 mL of 30% TCA and centrifuged at 2000 × g for 6 min. Aliquots (100 μL) of the supernatant were mixed with 2 mL of 100 mM NaH2PO4 buffer, pH 8.0, containing 5 mM EGTA.