In its abortive infection, the gamma(1)34.5 null mutant induces protective immunity more effectively in CD8(+) DCs than in CD8(-) DCs. This is mirrored by a higher level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-12 secretion by CD8(+) DCs than CD8(-) DCs. Remarkably, inhibition of p65/RelA phosphorylation or nuclear translocation in CD8(+) DCs disrupts protective immunity. These results suggest that engagement of the gamma(1)34.5 null mutant with CD8(+) DCs elicits innate immunity to activate NF-kappa

B, which translates into protective immunity.”
“Accurate spike timing of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons relative to the on-going theta-frequency Gemcitabine molecular weight network oscillations is important in hippocampal spatial information and memory processing. Accumulating evidence suggests that inhibitory interneurons are important in regulating the activity of pyramidal neurons in the local hippocampal circuit. Interneurons synapse mostly onto the dendrites of CA1 pyramidal

neurons where they are believed to take part in dendritic computation. www.selleckchem.com/products/prt062607-p505-15-hcl.html However, it remains unclear how the diverse types of interneurons targeting different dendritic domains of pyramidal neurons differentially contribute to the precise control of spike timing during network oscillation. Here, using a full-morphology multi-compartment model of CA1 pyramidal neuron, we find that phasic inhibitory inputs during theta oscillation Adenosine can precisely control spike timing of CA1 pyramidal neurons by not only delaying but also advancing the spike times. In addition, we report that the biophysical mechanism underlying the spike time advancement caused by inhibitory input is due to the hyperpolarization-activated mixed cation current (4) in pyramidal neuron dendrites. Thus, a wide variety of interneuron types targeting different dendritic locations of pyramidal neuron activate dendritic I-h to influence spike timing of pyramidal neuron during theta oscillation. This suggests an important functional role of dendritic-targeting interneurons in hippocampal

spike timing-based information processing. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of membrane receptors and are of major therapeutic importance. Structure determination of G protein-coupled receptors and other applications require milligram quantities of purified receptor proteins on a regular basis. Recombinant GPCRs fused to a heterologous biotinylation domain were produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris. We describe an efficient method for their rapid purification that relies on the capture of these receptors with streptavidin immobilized on agarose beads, and their subsequent release by enzymatic digestion with TEV protease.