In order to classify the geochemical water type, a Piper diagram of major groundwater cations and anions that were detected in the samples was generated using Rockworks software (Rockware, Inc.). Multivariate Selleckchem Dinaciclib regression was used to determine what landscape setting or chemical parameters could best explain observed methane patterns. The factors initially included in the regression were chosen using a Pearson correlation analysis to assess what variables were most

closely correlated with methane concentrations. Prior to regression analysis, methane and all other chemical analytes that were considered as explanatory variables were natural-log-transformed, due to their skewed distributions; the only variables considered Obeticholic Acid cost in the regression that were not transformed were distance to streams and distance to active or existing gas wells. The tested groundwater samples from Chenango County met most federal drinking-water standards, with a few exceptions (Table 1). Among the measured constituents, manganese concentrations exceeded the USEPA SMCL (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level) of 50 μg L−1 in 31 samples, chloride concentration exceeded the SMCL of 250 mg L−1 in one

sample, and barium concentration exceeded the USEPA MCL (Maximum Contaminant Level) of 2 mg L−1 in one sample. 42 sampled wells yielded water that is considered ‘hard’ (>120 mg CaCO3 L−1) but this is a nuisance Clomifene and not a health risk. For dissolved gas, there were no methane concentrations that exceeded the 10 mg L−1 ‘watch’ limit set by the Office of Surface

Mining (Eltschlager et al., 2001) and 63 out of 113 total samples (56%) had methane concentrations less than 0.01 mg L−1 (the method detection limit). These results are comparable to the recent USGS study in south-central NY (primarily extending southwest of Chenango County), in which 34% of 65 groundwater samples had methane concentrations less than 0.01 mg L−1 and 65% had concentrations less than 0.1 mg L−1. There were several samples in this USGS study that exceeded 10 mg CH4 L−1 (Heisig and Scott, 2013). With regards to δ13C-CH4, 14 out of the 50 samples (28%) with methane concentrations over the detection limit had values more positive than −40‰, 2 of 50 samples (4%) were below −60‰, and the remaining 34 samples (68%) fell between −40 and −60‰. δ13C-CH4 values above −40‰ are considered to be thermogenic in origin, those below −60‰ are considered biogenic, and those in the middle cannot be confidently designated without additional information and may represent mixing of sources (Schoell, 1980, Whiticar, 1999 and Revesz et al., 1980). Median δ13C-CH4 was −44.4‰. This is very similar to the isotopic signatures observed for gas produced from Upper and Middle Devonian geologic formations in New York (average = −44.