Its efficacy in patients with schizophrenia is well recognized, but little is known about its effect on cerebral activity. Our aim was to explore the impact of CRT on cerebral activation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in patients with schizophrenia. GSK3326595 molecular weight Seventeen patients and 15 healthy volunteers were recruited. Patients were divided into

two groups: one group received CRT with Rehacom (R) software (n = 8), while a control group of patients (non-CRT group) received no additional treatment (n = 9). The three groups underwent two fMRI sessions with an interval of 3 months: they had to perform a verbal and a spatial n-back task at the same performance level. Patients were additionally clinically and cognitively assessed before and after the study. After CRT, the CRT group exhibited brain over-activations in the left inferior/middle frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus and inferior parietal lobule for the spatial task. Similar but nonsignificant over-activations were observed in the same brain regions for the verbal

Selleckchem Ro 61-8048 task. Moreover. CRT patients significantly improved their behavioural performance in attention and reasoning capacities. We conclude that CRT leads to measurable physiological adaptation associated with improved cognitive ability. Trial name: Cognitive Remediation Theraphy and Schizophrenia. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01078129. check details Registration number: NCT01078129. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Cocaine use is associated with poorer HIV clinical outcomes and may contribute to neurobiological impairments

associated with impulsive decision making. This study examined the effect of cocaine dependence on brain activation during a delay discounting task involving choices between smaller immediate rewards and larger delayed ones. Participants were 39 HIV-positive adults on antiretroviral therapy who had current cocaine dependence (“”active,”" n = 15), past cocaine dependence (“”recovered,”" n = 13), or no lifetime substance dependence (“”naive,”" n = 11). Based on responses on a traditional delay discounting task, three types of choices were individualized for presentation during functional magnetic resonance imaging: hard (similarly valued), easy (disparately valued), and no (single option). Active participants had significantly smaller increases in activation than naive participants during hard versus easy choices bilaterally in the precentral gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex and in the right frontal pole (including dorsolateral, ventrolateral, and orbitofrontal cortex). During hard and easy choices relative to no choices, active participants had smaller increases in activation compared to naive participants in frontoparietal cortical regions.