Its members regulate e pres sion of many genes involved in cell growth, proliferation, FO F2. Bases that differentiate between fam ily members lie near this core. FO J2 functions in gametogenesis and early embryonic development. FO D1 functions in development of the retina. A motif is conserved between mouse and human and contains a consensus match to FO proteins e pressed in embryonic tissues, possibly FO J1 or FO J2. This motif also matches the core for FO A. Beginning near PstIb is a region of near identity that surrounds the transcription start sites for ICK. This region is GC rich, and has conserved CpG sites concen trated as a CpG island. This region was isolated in a genome wide purification of un methy lated CpG islands. CpG islands overlap the 5end of genes, and often contain the promoter and one or more e ons of genes.

Methylations can differentially regu late recognition by transcription factors. Methyla tions at CpG can also change gene e pression in development in set programs of activation and silencing, and remain as a source of epigenomic variation. The putative activator of ICK, CCRK, is transcribed from a 5 start in a CpG island that is variably methylated in adult brain tissues. Minimal ICK promoter in HEK293T and HCT 15 cells To enable initial studies of transcription factors, we chose a minimal ICK promoter for use in HEK293T cells. Activ ity in HEK293T and HCT 15 cells did not depend greatly on SspIa SspIb and SspIb EcoRVa frag ments. To compare data from these lines, we normalized our promoter data for ICK constructs to ICK 9.

Activity of the full ICK promoter is increased 13 14 fold in both of these lines. The normalized results for truncations from the 5 end show that elements required for luciferase activity in HEK293T and HCT 15 cells reside in the EcoRVa EcoRVb fragment and the EcoRVb Pst1 fragment. ICK 6 and ICK 7 also retain the majority of reporter activity for ICK in the other cell lines. The first and second EcoRV cut sites are 1195 and 587 nt, respectively, from the predicted tran scription start site of human ICK. Two alternative refer ence mRNAs use the same start site GGAAAAC within PstIb ApaIc. We chose the smaller construct ICK 7, with 0. 6 kb of 5 sequence, as the minimal promoter to study in the ne t e periments.

FO A and B catenin activate Brefeldin_A the ICK minimal promoter in HEK293T cells We ne t asked if any transcription factors of importance for intestinal crypts regulate the chosen minimal pro moter in co e pression e periments in HEK293T. Both FO A1 and FO A2 caused large increases in luciferase activity. FO M1, which regulates mitotic progression, had no effect in these e periments. Western blot analyses were performed to ensure that cells e pressed the transcription factors. B catenin also significantly enhanced ICK 7 activity.