Moreover, lymphocytes upregulate Fas and FasL on their cell surface upon activation, becoming an important source of FasL, and therefore, cell death inducers for nearby cell types expressing Fas, including β cells 13. NOD mice deficient in either

Fas (NOD/lpr) AZD0530 or FasL (NOD/gld) do not develop spontaneous diabetes and NOD/lpr mice are resistant to adoptively transferred diabetes 14, 15. Interestingly, β-cell-specific Fas deficiency impairs spontaneous diabetes onset 16, 17. Moreover, transgenic expression of FasL on β cells exacerbates the diabetic phenotype in NOD mice 14, 18, suggesting that there may be a gradual upregulation of Fas on β cells during the course of islet infiltration prior to diabetes onset, and the early presence of FasL on neighboring β cells might accelerate fratricidal β-cell death. CD4+ T cells are

required to promote insulitis and diabetes in NOD mice 19. All of the above mentioned suggest a scenario in which the reciprocal activation of macrophages and CD4+ T cells, upon receipt of an inflammatory signal in the local pancreatic environment, triggers IL-1β and IFN-γ production by macrophages and Th1 CD4+ T cells respectively. Both cytokines, in turn, upregulate Fas on β cells causing their death as soon as the Fas receptor is engaged by its ligand, FasL. Nonetheless, several reports have questioned the relevance AZD2281 of Fas-induced β-cell death in T1D 20–23. Several of these studies rely on a single CD4+T-cell specificity, which could be masking the overall in vivo scenario, composed of several CD4+T-cell clones and/or effector mechanisms. The overall aim of our study was to understand the role of Fas and CD4+ T lymphocytes in the induction of β-cell death and, hence, autoimmune diabetes.

In the current Clomifene report, we show that the diabetogenic activity of CD4+ T lymphocytes is Fas-dependent, and, moreover, despite the fact that IL-1β can mediate upregulation of Fas on islets, IL-1β is not required to promote diabetes in NOD mice. Fas expression on β cells has been reported to promote β-cell apoptosis and the development of diabetes 14, 16, 17. We aimed to establish the role of Fas and FasL on CD4+ T-cell-mediated β-cell apoptosis in autoimmune diabetes. For that purpose it was necessary to avoid the pleiotropic effects of Fas deficiency in NOD lpr/lpr mice 24, which affects the T- and B-cell repertoire 25. To this end we purified splenic CD4+ T cells from 8–20-wk-old pre-diabetic (not exhibiting glycosuria) female NOD mice (at this age islet-specific CD4+ T cells should be primed since insulitis is already observed in 8-wk-old females 1, 26), and adoptively transferred 15 million of these CD4+ T cells into NOD/SCID female recipients (deficient in both, T and B cells) combining Fas deficiency and FasL deficiency.