Nucleotide sequence analyses PCR products and plasmids were sequenced at the University of Michigan Sequencing Core. Chromatograms were assembled using the Sequencher 4.9 software (Gene Codes Corporation). The nucleotide sequences of the
B. pseudomallei DD503 boaA (EF423807) and boaB (EF423808) genes were deposited in GenBank under the indicated accession number. Bioinformatic Analyses Sequence analyses were performed using Vector NTI (Invitrogen) and the various online tools available through the ExPASy Proteomics Server (http://au.expasy.org/). Signal sequence cleavage sites were determined using the SignalP 3.0 server (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/). The B. mallei ATCC23344 boaA gene product (locus tag BMAA0649) was identified by searching the genome of the Belinostat clinical trial organism for the presence of a YadA-like C-terminal domain (Pfam
database number PF03895) buy Epigenetics Compound Library through the NCBI genomic BLAST service using the tblastn and blastp programs (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/genom_table.cgi). The other boaA and boaB gene products described in this study were identified by using the predicted aa sequence of the B. mallei ATCC23344 BoaA protein to search the genomes of the B. mallei as well as B. pseudomallei strains available through the NCBI genomic BLAST service utilizing the tblastn and blastp programs. Structural features of the Boa proteins (e.g. helical regions, β-strands) were identified Poziotinib concentration using the PSIPRED Protein Structure L-NAME HCl Prediction Server (http://bioinf.cs.ucl.ac.uk/psipred/). Epithelial cell adherence assays Quantitative attachment assays were performed as previously described by our laboratory [61, 67]. Monolayers of A549 and HEp2 cells and cultures of NHBE were infected with B. mallei, B. pseudomallei or recombinant E. coli
strains at a MOI of 100. Duplicate assays were repeated on at least 3 occasions for each strain, and adherence is expressed as the percentage (± standard error) of bacteria attached to epithelial cells relative to the inoculum. Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney test (GraphPad Prism software) and P values < 0.05 are reported as statistically significant. Biofilm and bactericidal assays These experiments were performed as previously described [96, 101, 102]. We used 50% and 25% normal human serum in bactericidal assays with B. pseudomallei and B. mallei, respectively. Macrophage survival assays Plate-grown bacteria were suspended in 5-ml of sterile PBS supplemented with 0.15% gelatin (PBSG) to a density of 109 CFU/ml. These suspensions were used to infect two identical sets of duplicate monolayers of J774A.1 cells (105 cells/well; 24-well tissue culture plate) at an MOI of 10.