One reason for this might be that standard clinical batteries used so far may be inadequate to uncover precise deficits within specific mathematical skills. In fact, these batteries do not clearly distinguish between specific mathematical abilities and are therefore likely to provide only a generic indication of a deficit. Mathematical skills in a group of females with FMR1 premutation were investigated through
the use of an extensive, theoretically grounded battery of mathematical tasks, encompassing counting, number comprehension, numerical transcoding, calculation skills and arithmetic principles. Moreover, the mental representation of numbers was assessed by studying ICG-001 mouse the Spatial Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect and mental number line (MNL) bisection.
The FMR1 premutation group (N=18) comprised 29-50 years old women of normal intelligence, who were individually matched on age, sex and education to a group of healthy participants (N=18). Specific yet subtle weaknesses were detected on processes of basic number understanding such as dealing with analogue scales and certain aspects of number transcoding, in the presence of otherwise spared calculation
abilities. Selleck Belnacasan (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: Surgical treatment of mitral leaflet prolapse using artificial neochordae shows excellent outcomes. Upcoming devices attempt the same treatment in a minimally invasive way but target the left ventricular apex as an anchoring point, rather than the tip of the corresponding papillary muscle. In this study, cine cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was used to compare these 2 different anchoring positions and their dynamic relationship with the mitral leaflets.
Methods: Eleven healthy volunteers (mean age, 31 years; 6 female; mean ejection fraction, 62%) were examined by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (3 Tesla, cine steady free precession technique with retrospective gating), whereby dedicated software enabled assessment of the physiologic
distances among 3 anchoring sites (anterior papillary muscle, posterior papillary muscle, and apex) and the plane of the mitral annulus at the level of leaflet coaptation. These distances were measured in systole and diastole, and stiripentol the performance of virtual neochordae was analyzed for the 3 potential anchoring sites.
Results: Length difference between systole and diastole for the 3 measured distances were 0.19 +/- 0.11 cm (5.9% +/- 3.4%) for the anterior papillary muscle, 0.19 +/- 0.09 cm (6.7% +/- 3.6%) for the posterior papillary muscle, and 1.52 +/- 0.18 cm (17.8% +/- 2.8%) for the left ventricular apex (P = .001). Virtual neochordae between the leaflet and the left ventricular apex were first adjusted in systole to achieve leaflet coaptation.