\n\nResults: Over 2 years, 10 percutaneous continent vesicostomies were performed for patients with a neurogenic bladder. Patients were from 5 months to 19 years old. The procedure was safe. No major complication was observed except for only minor ones.\n\nDiscussion: When intermittent urethral catheterization cannot be established,

Mitrofanoff continent urinary diversion seems to be a major surgery for patients and their parents. In addition, for some patients, intermittent bladder emptying may be required for a transitory period. For all these reasons, there is a place for a reversible vesicostomy with a minimally invasive procedure. Button vesicostomy seems to be a good MG-132 ic50 alternative. In this article, we propose a percutaneous technique with an endoscopic control. If this kind of treatment Apoptosis inhibitor is effective, it may avoid further major surgery.\n\nConclusions: Percutaneous button vesicostomy placement under endoscopic control is safe and feasible and must be evaluated with large series.”
“Extracellular enzymes produced by heterotrophic microorganisms in the soil are responsible for the decomposition of organic compounds. Basidiomycete fungi

are the primary decomposer agents in temperate wooded ecosystems and contribute extensively to extracellular enzyme activity and nutrient mineralisation within soils. Growth and development of basidiomycete mycelia is influenced by soildwelling invertebrate grazers with potential implications for fungal activity and ecosystem functioning. The impacts of four invertebrate taxa belonging to Isopoda, Myriapoda, Collembola and Nematoda on the production of eight hydrolytic enzymes by four saprotrophic basidiomycetes (Phanerochaete velutina, Resinicium bicolor and two strains of Hypholoma fasciculare) were compared in a factorial microcosm

HM781-36B study. Grazing generally increased enzyme production but invertebrates had species-specific impacts on enzyme activity. The magnitude of grazing influenced enzyme activity; macrofauna (woodlice and millipedes) induced the greatest responses. Enzymatic responses varied markedly between fungi. Grazing enhanced enzyme activity in the exploitative mycelial networks of P. velutina and H. fasciculare, while the opposite effects were observed in the explorative R. bicolor networks. The impacts of soil fauna on nutrient mineralisation depend on fungal community composition. beta-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, acid phosphatase and phosphodiesterase activities were affected most frequently by grazing and invertebrate activity, and thus had direct consequences for carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous cycling.